Tarihin HIV
Kwayar cutar ta AIDS ita ce-kuma wasu za su yi jayayya har yanzu suna kasancewa - babbar matsalar lafiya ta duniya ta tarihin zamani. Duk da yake sauran annoba sun kasance kamar yaduwan da suka mutu (daga cikin su da tarin fuka da kuma cizon sauro), raƙuman ruwa na mutuwa wanda cutar ta AIDS ta kasance ba ta da kyau.
A tsawon shekaru kadan, mun ga mutuwar cutar kanjamau ta tashi daga wasu 'yan mata maza da yawa a Amurka zuwa ga dubban dubban mutane a fadin duniya.
Gaskiyar cewa ba mu taba ganin irin wannan cuta ba, kuma ba za mu iya gano hanyar da za ta dakatar da shi ba, sai dai kawai ya kara yawan girman tsoro tsakanin jama'a da masu tsara manufofi.
Daga "Maganar Mutuwar" ga Rayuwar Rayuwa na Gaskiya
A farkon shekarun 1990, HIV / AIDs ya zama lamarin da ya haifar da mutuwar 'yan Amurkan shekaru 24 zuwa 45. A shekara ta 1999, ya keta sauran cututtuka a matsayin babbar hanyar mutuwa a Afrika da kuma matsalar ta hudu na mutuwa a dukan duniya. .
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'Tsaro mai haƙuri' An kaddamar da farawa da cutar AIDS
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Me yasa Duniyar Duniya ta Kanjamau tana da mahimmanci kamar yadda ya kasance
Duk da haka, saboda tsoron duka da fushi da cutar, cutar ta HIV ta canza yanayin da ya shafi ilimi da siyasa kamar yadda muka sani. Ya motsa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya daga asalinsa na asalinsa wanda ya bada shawara ga hakkoki da kare lafiyar marasa lafiya. Ya tilasta yin amfani da sauri don aiwatar da hanyoyin magance miyagun ƙwayoyi yayin da masu haɓaka suyi nazari don bunkasa yawancin kayan aiki na kwayoyin da muke amfani dashi a yau.
Gaskiya mai sauki cewa kwayar cutar ta HIV ta wuce daga kasancewar cutar ta jiki guda ɗaya wanda mutum zai iya rayuwa a yanzu, lafiyayyu na al'ada ba kome ba ne da abin mamaki. Duk da haka, muna da hanya mai tsawo don zuwa da darussan darussan da za mu koya kafin muyi la'akari da rikicin.
Abin sani kawai ta hanyar komawa baya cewa za mu iya fahimtar kalubalen da za a fuskanta yayin da muke matsawa wajen yin HIV a wani abu na baya.
1981
A watan Mayu, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC) ta ruwaito cewa maza biyar a mazauna Los Angeles, CA sun sami ciwo mai cututtuka da ake kira pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) da kuma wasu tsararrun cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da rashin ciwo. tsarin. A lokacin da rahoton ya saki, mutane biyu sun riga sun mutu.
A watan Disambar, an yi rahoton cewa akwai lambobi 270 kamar yadda masu bincike suka kira GRID (ko gay-related immune deficiency). Daga wadanda aka gano, 112 sun mutu daga cutar a cikin shekarar.
1982
Yayin da cutar ta fara yada bayan mutane maza da mata zuwa wasu kungiyoyin, CDC ya gabatar da maganganun AIDS (ko kuma ya sami ciwo na rashin lafiya) don lafiyar lafiyar lafiyar jama'a, yana bayyana shi a matsayin cuta "yana faruwa a cikin mutum wanda ba tare da saninsa ba don ragewar juriya zuwa wannan cuta. "
1983
Masu bincike a Cibiyar Pasteur a Faransa, ciki har da Françoise Barré Sinoussi da Luc Montagnie r, sun gano wani littafi mai suna Retrovirus da suka kirkira LAV (lymphadenopathy related virus) da kuma nuna cewa zai iya zama dalilin cutar AIDS.
Yayin da cutar ta ci gaba da yadawa a tsakanin mazaunin gay, CDC ta tabbatar da cewa jima'i da jini sune manyan hanyar sadarwa guda biyu don cutar da ba a san shi ba.
1984
Wani mai bincike na Amirka, mai suna Robert Gallo ya sanar da gano wani retrovirus wanda ake kira HTLV-III (T-tropic cutar mutum) wanda ya yi imani shine dalilin cutar AIDS. Sanarwar ta haifar da gardama kamar yadda LAV da HiTLV-III sun kasance irin wannan cuta kuma wanda kasar ta mallaka haƙƙin mallaka.
A ƙarshen shekara, jami'ai a San Francisco sun umarci rufe kullun ganyaye masu wanke gidaje da ake zaton sun kamu da lafiyar jama'a a yayin da suka kamu da cututtuka da mutuwa a tsakanin mazaunin mazaunin gida.
1985
A watan Janairu, CDC ya ruwaito cewa cutar ta AIDS ta haifar da wata sabuwar cuta da aka gano, kuma ba da jimawa ba ne rahotanni cewa Cibiyar Abinci da Drugura ta Amirka (FDA) ta amince da gwajin cutar HIV wanda ya iya gano cutar a cikin samfurori.
A halin yanzu, rahotanni sun bayyana cewar Ryan White, dan kasar Indiana ne, aka hana shi zuwa makarantar sakandare bayan ya samu cutar AIDS daga jini.
Bayan watanni biyu, mai wasan kwaikwayo Rock Hudson ya mutu daga cututtuka na cutar AIDS, ya zama dan kasuwa na farko wanda ya mutu saboda cutar.
An yi tunanin mai da hankali ne ga mai kulawa da cutar AIDS a kan cutar AIDS a kan cutar HIV. Kowane kwamiti na 3x5 ya ba da labari ga mutum guda ko fiye da suka mutu da cutar.
1986
A watan Mayu, Kwamitin Kasa na Kasa na Kwayoyin cuta ya bayar da wata sanarwa inda aka amince da cewa cutar da ke cutar da cutar ta AIDS za a kira shi da kwayar cutar ta HIV (ko cutar cutar ta mutum) .
1987
Mawallafin Amirka, Larry Kramer, ya kafa ACT UP (Cibiyar AIDS don Harkokin Ruwa) a Birnin New York, NY, don nuna rashin amincewa da yadda gwamnati ke aiki ga ci gaban cutar AIDS a Amurka.
A halin yanzu, Amurka da Faransa sun amince da cewa LAV da HTLV-III sun kasance kamar wannan cuta kuma sun yarda su raba ikon haƙƙin mallaka, suna rarraba mafi rinjaye a cikin bincike na kanjamau na duniya.
A watan Maris, FDA ta amince da AZT (zidovudine) a matsayin magunguna na farko da ke iya magance cutar ta HIV. Ba da da ewa ba, sun kuma yarda da hanzarta aiwatar da tsari na izinin maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi, ta rage lokaci na laguri ta biyu zuwa shekaru uku.
1988
Elizabeth Glaser, matar Starky & Hutch star Paul Michael Glaser, ta kafa Foundation na AIDS AIDS (daga bisani ya sake renonta Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation) bayan ya sami HIV daga jini. .
Ranar 1 ga watan Disamba an lura da ranar cutar kanjamau a duniya .
1989
A watan Agusta, CDC ya bayar da rahoton cewa adadin cutar ta AIDS a Amurka ya kai 100,000.
1990
Rashin mutuwar dan wasan Indiana Ryan Ryan a watan Afrilu ya haifar da zanga-zangar zanga-zanga yayin da aka zargi jami'an gwamnati da ci gaba da rashin aiki. Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta amsa ta hanyar amincewa da Dokar Ryan Emergency Emergency (CARE) na 1990, wanda aka tsara don samar da kudade na tarayya ga masu samar da kula da cutar HIV da masu bada sabis na HIV.
1992
AIDS ya zama lambar da ta haifar da mutuwar mutanen Amurka waɗanda ke da shekaru 24 zuwa 45.
1993
CDC ta fadada ma'anar cutar kanjamau don haɗawa da mutanen da ke dauke da CD4 a cikin 200. Yuni, Bill Clinton ya rattaba hannu a dokar wata dokar da ta ba da izini ga haramtacciyar baƙi da HIV.
1994
AIDS ya zama babban dalilin mutuwar dukan 'yan Amurkan shekaru 24-45.
A halin yanzu, aka saki sakamakon da aka yi wa hukumar ta ACTG 076, wanda ya nuna cewa AZT da aka ba kafin jinkirta zai iya rage haɗarin cutar HIV daga mahaifiyarsa zuwa yaro a lokacin daukar ciki . Sakamakon da aka biyo bayan bin umarni na farko daga Hukumar Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na US (USPHS) ta biyo bayanan da ake kira amfani da AZT a cikin mata masu ciki da HIV.
1995
FDA ta amince da Inivirase (saquinivir), ta farko da ke kare kwayar protease wanda aka gabatar a cikin arsenal arsenal. Yin amfani da masu hana masu kare protease sunyi amfani da wani zamanin HAART (magungunan maganin rigakafi mai karfi) wanda ake amfani da hade da kwayoyi uku ko fiye don magance cutar HIV.
A ƙarshen shekara, an sanar da cewa an kashe kimanin 500,000 na Amurka da cutar HIV.
1996
FDA ta amince da gwaji na farko da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV wanda zai iya auna girman kwayar cutar HIV a cikin jinin mutum da kuma jigilar gwaji na farko na cutar HIV da kuma kwayar cutar ta farko da ba a yi amfani da ita ba a kira Viramume (nevirapine).
A cikin wannan shekara, USPHS ta bayar da shawarwarin farko game da amfani da kwayoyi masu maganin rigakafi don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta a cikin mutanen da ba a san su ba da gangan a cikin shirin kiwon lafiya. Umurnin USPHS don gabatarwa a bayan bayanan (PEP) ya kafa asali don maganin rigakafi a lokuta na yuwuwar jima'i, fyade, ko jinin jini.
An sanya Kwanan Bikin Jarida ta AIDS, wanda ya kunshi fiye da 40,000 panels, a kan Mall Mall a Washington, DC kuma ya rufe dukkanin filin wasa na kasa.
1997
Kwamitin CDC ya ruwaito cewa yaduwar amfani da HAART ya karu da ƙananan cututtuka da cututtuka na HIV, tare da yawan mutuwar da aka ragu da kashi 47 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da shekara ta baya.
A halin yanzu, Shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS) ya ruwaito cewa kimanin mutane miliyan 30 sun kamu da cutar HIV a duk duniya, tare da kudancin Afrika na kusan kusan rabin dukkanin cututtuka.
1998
Kwamitin CDC ya ba da jagororin kula da cutar kanjamau na farko a watan Afrilu, yayin da Kotun Koli na Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa Dokar Amirkancin Amirkawa (ADA) ta rufe dukan mutanen da ke zaune tare da kwayar cutar HIV.
1999
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ruwaito cewa cutar HIV ita ce babbar hanyar mutuwar Afirka kuma ta kasance babban abu na hudu na mutuwa a duniya. WHO ta kara da cewa mutane miliyan 33 sun kamu da cutar tun lokacin da annoba ta fara, kuma fiye da mutane miliyan 14 sun mutu sakamakon sakamakon cututtuka na HIV.
2000
Taron XIII na Cibiyar AIDS a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu an rufe shi cikin rikici yayin da shugaban kasar Thabo Mbeki , a lokacin bude taron, ya nuna shakku game da ko cutar HIV ta haifar da cutar AIDS. A lokacin taron, Afirka ta Kudu ((har yanzu ci gaba da) yawan mutanen da suke tare da cutar HIV a duniya.
2002
Asusun Global don yaki da cutar kanjamau, tarin fuka, da kuma cutar ta Malaria an kafa shi a Geneva, Switzerland don bada tallafi ga shirin HIV a kasashe masu tasowa. A lokacin da aka kafa shi, an gano sababbin cututtuka miliyan 3.5 a yankin Saharar Afrika.
A halin yanzu, a kokarin ƙoƙari na gwajin gwajin HIV a Amurka, FDA ta amince da gwajin cutar HIV ta farko da zai iya samar da sakamako a cikin minti 20 tare da daidaito na 99.6 bisa dari.
2003
Shugaban kasar George HW Bush ya sanar da kafawar shirin gaggawa na shugaban kasar don tallafawa cutar AIDS (PEPFAR), wanda ya zama mafi girma daga tsarin tallafin kwayar cutar ta HIV ta hanyar kasa da kasa daya. Ba kamar Gidajen Duniya ba, wanda ya ba wa kasashe damar samun iko game da yadda za a iya amfani da kuɗin, PEPFAR ya dauki karin takardun hannu tare da manyan digiri na kulawa da matakai.
Na farko gwajin rigakafin HIV , ta yin amfani da maganin AIDVAX, bai rage yawan yawan kamuwa da cutar ba a tsakanin mahalarta nazarin. Wannan shi ne karo na farko na gwaje-gwajen maganin alurar riga kafi wadda ta kasa cimma matakan kare kariya ga duk mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV ko wadanda suke fata su guje wa cutar.
A halin yanzu kuma, FDA ta amince da magungunan ƙwayoyin cutar ta tsakiya, Viread (tenofovir) . Magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi, wanda aka nuna ya zama tasiri ko da a cikin mutanen da ke da tsayayya da wasu magungunan kwayoyin cutar HIV, an tura su da sauri zuwa saman jerin likitoci na Amurka.
2006
Bisa ga WHO, kimanin mutane miliyan daya an sanya su a kan maganin rigakafi, ninuwa 10 tun lokacin da aka kaddamar da Asusun Duniya da kuma kokarin PEPFAR.
A wannan shekarar, masu bincike tare da Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta NIH (NIH) sun bayyana cewa an dakatar da gwaje-gwaje na asibiti a kasar Kenya da Uganda bayan an nuna cewa kaciya maza zai iya rage yawan dan Adam na kamuwa da cutar HIV ta hanyar kashi 53 cikin 100.
Hakazalika, CDC ta kira kira ga gwajin HIV don dukan mutanen da ke da shekaru 13 zuwa 64 , ciki har da gwajin gwaji guda daya ga mutanen da aka dauka suna da haɗari.
2007
Kamfanin CDC ya ruwaito cewa kimanin mutane 565,000 sun kamu da cutar HIV tun daga farkon annoba. Har ila yau, an bayar da rahoton cewa hadarin sabon cututtuka tsakanin maza da suka yi jima'i tare da maza sun tashi, tare da karuwar yawanci tsakanin matasa maza da mata matasa tsakanin shekarun 13 zuwa 18.
Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa kimanin mutane miliyan 1.2 da aka kiyasta cewa suna rayuwa tare da kwayar cutar HIV, yawancin 20 zuwa 25 bisa dari sun kasance ba su san matsayin su ba.
2008
Timothawus Brown, wanda aka fi sani da " Berlin Berlin ", ya ruwaito cewa an warkar da cutar ta HIV bayan ya karbi gwajin gwaji. Yayin da aka yi la'akari da hanyar da za ta kasance mai hatsarin gaske kuma mai mahimmanci don zama mai yiwuwa a cikin lafiyar lafiyar jama'a, hakan ya haifar da wasu karatun da ake fatan sake maimaita sakamakon.
2010
Gwamnatin Obama ta ƙare tarar da shigo da ƙwayar cutar HIV da kuma ban kwana .
A watan Nuwamba, masu bincike da nazarin na IPrEx sun bayar da rahoton cewa amfani da yau da kullum na Truvada (tenofovir + emtricitabine) ya rage hadarin kamuwa da kamuwa da cutar maza da mata HIV ta hanyar kashi 44 cikin dari. Wannan bincike ne na farko da ya amince da yin amfani da prophylaxis kafin gabatarwa (PrEP) don rage haɗarin cutar HIV a cikin wadanda basu da cutar.
2011
Aikin bincike na HPTN 052 an kira shi Breakthrough of the Year by Science Magazine bayan da ya nuna cewa mutane a kan maganin cutar antiretroviral sun kasance kashi 96 cikin 100 na iya aikawa da kwayar cutar HIV zuwa wani abokin tarayya ba tare da kamuwa da cutar ba idan ya iya ci gaba da daukar nauyin kamuwa da kwayar cutar . Binciken ya tabbatar da amfani da Jiyya a matsayin Rigakafin (TasP) a matsayin hanyar da za a hana yaduwar cutar HIV a matsayin ma'aurata.
2012
Duk da sauyawar cutar ta HIV, jami'an kiwon lafiya a Afirka ta Kudu sun nuna cewa yawan sababbin cututtuka sun karu a shekara ta gaba fiye da 100,000, akasarin matasa da matasa.
FDA ta yarda da amfani da Truvada don PrEP . Ya zo a lokacin da Amurka ta bayar da rahotanni fiye da kimanin mutane 50,000 da suka kamu da cutar, wanda ya kasance mai yawan canzawa tun shekarar 2002.
2013
Shugaba Barack Obama ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Gudanar da Harkokin Tsarin { anjamau na HIV (HOPE) Dokar , wadda ta ba da izini don dasa sassan kwayoyin daga mai ba da tallafi ga HIV ga mai karɓar cutar HIV.
Hukumar UNAIDS ta sanar da cewa sabon kamuwa da cutar a cikin ƙasashe masu karfin gaske zuwa ƙasashe masu karfin kudi sun ragu da kashi 50 cikin 100 saboda sakamakon yaduwar cutar HIV. Har ila yau, sun bayar da rahoton cewa kimanin mutane miliyan 35.3 sun kamu da cutar HIV.
FDA ta yarda da magungunan ƙwayar magungunan Tivicay (dolutegravir) wanda aka nuna cewa yana da raƙuman sakamako kuma yana da karfin gaske a cikin mutanen da ke dauke da maganin magunguna. Magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi ne da sauri koma zuwa saman Amurka sun fi son magungunan kwayoyin cutar HIV.
2014
Dokar Dokar Kulawa ta Kasa (ACA) ta kara yawan inshora na kiwon lafiya ga mutane da suka ƙi ɗauka. Kafin dokar ta fara aiki, kasa da ɗaya daga cikin Amurkawa guda biyar da HIV ke da asibiti mai zaman kansa.
A halin yanzu, masanan kimiyya a Jami'ar Oxford suna nazarin tarihin tarihi da kuma bayanan kwayoyin halitta, sun kammala cewa cutar HIV tana iya samo asali ne a ko kusa da Kinshasa a jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya ta Congo. An yi imanin cewa wani samfurori na simian immunodefiency virus (SIV) ya tashi daga Pan troglodytes troglydytes chimpanzee ga mutum saboda sakamakon jini ko kuma inginging nama nama.
2015
Lokacin da aka kaddamar da binciken a kan wakilai a taron Cibiyar Nazarin Kanjamau ta Duniya ta duniya a Vancouver, Kanada. Nazarin, wanda ya nuna cewa maganin cutar kanjamau da aka bayar a lokacin ganewar asali zai iya rage haɗarin rashin lafiya mai tsanani a kashi 53 cikin dari , ya kira kiran saurin canje-canje a manufofin jama'a.
Watanni huɗu daga baya, WHO ta bada jagororin da aka tsara don bada shawarar maganin cutar HIV a lokacin ganewar asali ba tare da la'akari da adadin CD4, wuri, samun kudin shiga, ko mataki na cutar ba. Sun kara bada shawarar yin amfani da PrEP a wa] anda ke da hatsari na samun HIV.
A ranar Duniya kan cutar kanjamau, CDC ya ruwaito cewa cutar HIV a kowace shekara ta Amurka ta ragu da kashi tara, tare da raguwa tsakanin maza da mata da matan Amurka. Ya bambanta, ƙananan yara maza da yawa sun kasance a babban haɗari na kamuwa da cuta yayin da mazaunin mazaunin Afrika na Amurka sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna da damar samun cutar HIV a 50/50 a duk tsawon rayuwarsu.
Ranar 21 ga watan Disamba, FDA ta "dauke" dan shekaru 30 da haihuwa da aka hana kan kyautar jini daga gay da maza masu bisexual. Wannan shawara ta haifar da fushi daga 'yan gwagwarmayar AIDS , wadanda suka soki hukuncin da FDA ta yanke don ba da izini ga mutanen da ba su yi jima'i ba har shekara guda don su ba da gudummawa, suna maida martani cewa yanke hukunci shi ne nuna bambanci kuma bai zama ba a matsayin banza.
2016
A cewar WHO, kimanin mutane miliyan 38.8 sun kamu da kwayar cutar HIV kuma kimanin mutane miliyan 22 sun mutu sakamakon cutar HIV sakamakon tun daga farkon annoba.
Tare da shaida cewa yin amfani da kwayar cutar kanjamau na duniya na iya kawar da kashi 90-90-90 , da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kaddamar da shirin 90-90-90 don gano kashi 90 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV, da kashi 90 cikin dari na mutanen da aka gano a kan magani, da tabbatar da cewa kashi 90 cikin dari na wadanda a kan farfadowa sun sami damar cimma burin maganin hoto.
> Source:
> Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'ar Amirka da Harkokin Dan Adam (DHHS). "Tsarin lokaci na HIV / AIDS." Ofishin Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya da ofishin Mataimakin Sakataren Harkokin Jakadancin; Washington, DC; Satumba 18, 2016.