Yadda Yayinda Kullun Su Yasa Kashewa A yau
A cewar Nicoli Nattrass, marubucin Cibiyar Nazari ta AIDS: Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Kashewa , Kwayoyin cutar kanjamau za a iya kwatanta nau'i hudu na alama:
- "Masanan kimiyya" - likitoci ko masana kimiyya da suka yi amfani da duk wani takardun kimiyya da suke da shi don ƙirƙirar haɗin kai ga binciken da ba a yi ba.
- "Masu raira waƙa" - wadanda ke daɗaɗɗen inganta rashin amincewa ga jama'a, gaba daya a karkashin gina wani labari mai rikici.
- "Rayuwa da gumaka" - mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV wadanda suke samar da "tabbacin rayuwa" cewa wani magani mai mahimmanci shine kiyaye su da rai.
- "Cultropreneurs" - wadanda suke yin amfani da makircin makirci a matsayin tsarin kasuwanci don wani magani mai mahimmanci ko don samun kasuwa.
Jerin sunayen masu sanadin cutar AIDS guda biyar masu wakilci suna wakiltar waɗannan abubuwa na daban. An kiyasta su ba kawai a kan tasirin da suke da shi ba a lokacin wani lokaci a tarihin cutar HIV amma a kan tasirin da wasu sakonnin su ko ayyuka suke ci gaba a yau.
ACT UP / San Francisco
Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwanci (AIDS AIDS Coalition to Unwash Power) ita ce ƙungiyar mai kula da cutar kanjamau ta kungiyar ta Larry Kramer ta 1987. Yayinda aka ba da kungiyar ta hanyar ingantaccen bincike na nazarin halittu da samun damar kiwon lafiya ga wadanda ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV, Dokar ACT UP / Sashin San Francisco ya ci gaba da zama daban-daban-jayayya da cutar HIV a matsayin dalilin cutar AIDS, kuma ya rabu da iyaye a shekarar 2000.
Duk da yake ka'idodinsu sun rungumi dabbobin dabba, cin zarafin gay, cin nama da kuma inganta shan marijuana, magungunan su yawanci an tsara su a matsayin kusa-rikice-rikice na cin zarafin al'umma da lalata. A cewar shafin yanar gizon:
"Gaskiyar ita ce, mutane ba su mutuwa da cutar kanjamau." Mutane suna fama da rashin lafiya kuma suna mutuwa daga ... abubuwan da suka shafi rikice-rikicen rayuwa na yau da kullum a cikin guba mai guba, karuwancin bautar gumaka, fashewar talauci, kundin kudi, mabukaci .
Duk da rage yawan lambobi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tsayayyar da suka shafi tsaikowa ya jawo hankulan su daga irin masu jagorancin fim din Chrissie Hynde (wanda ya ba da kyautar $ 5,000) da kuma mutanen da ke kula da dabbobi (PETA), tare da wanda suke tafiya a cikin zanga-zangar gwajin gwaji.
Wataƙila, watsar da abin da ke tattare da tsarin kungiyar ya ba su izinin taimakawa daga waɗanda zasu iya yi musu tambayoyi game da rashin amincewa da su. Shugaban kungiyar ACT UP / SF, David Pasquarelli, ya mutu a shekara ta 2004 a shekara ta 36 daga matsalolin cutar HIV, yayin da dan jarida Michael Bellefontaine ya mutu a shekara ta 2007 a shekaru 41 da ya kamu da cutar.
Matthias Rath
Matthias Rath, wanda aka sani da sanannen bitamin da kuma shugaban Dr. Rath Research Cibiyar a California, ya ba da labarun duniya lokacin da ya yi iƙirarin cewa bitamin (wanda yake nufin "maganin salula") zai iya magance cutar HIV yayin da yake nace cewa antiretroviral magunguna (ARVs) sun kasance masu guba da hadari.
Yayin da cutar AIDS ta kasance a Afrika ta Kudu a shekara ta 2005, kungiyar Rath ta rarraba dubban littattafai zuwa kananan garuruwan birni marasa ƙarfi suna kira ga mazaunan HIV da su bar ARV da amfani da bitamin a maimakon haka.
Jim kadan bayan haka, an kai Rath a kotu don gudanar da gwajin bitamin marasa izini (wanda aka nuna mutane da dama sun mutu) kuma an dakatar da shi daga wallafa wasu tallace-tallace na gaba da inganta kayayyakinsa ko kuma daga ci gaba da bincike a Afirka ta Kudu.
Sannan kuma an san cewa an samu goyon bayan tallafi daga gwamnati-Ministan lafiya na Afirka ta Kudu Manto Tshabalala-Msimang da kuma Kwamitin Kula da Magunguna.
Christine Maggiore
Christine Maggiore ya yi la'akari da mutane da yawa don zama dan jarida na yaduwar cutar AIDS. Wanda ya kafa kungiyar, Alive & Well AIDS Alternatives, Maggiore ya karfafa ra'ayi cewa cutar HIV ba shine dalilin cutar AIDS ba kuma ya shawarci masu ciki da ke dauke da kwayar cutar ta HIV ba su dauke da bindigogi ba.
An gano Maggiore tare da kwayar cutar HIV a shekarar 1992. Yayinda ta fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da agaji tare da irin tallafin da HIV ke ciki kamar AIDS Project Los Angeles da Mata A Hadarin, ya kasance a lokacin ganawa da mai cike da cutar ta AIDS Peter Duesberg cewa ta fara yin tambayoyi game da al'ada kimiyya. Tana yi wa'adin bayanan bayan da ta fara daukar nauyin ARV a lokacin da ta yi ciki, kuma daga bisani ya ba da 'yarta, Eliza Jane yayin da yake jin cewa cutar ta HIV ba ta da kyau.
Don haka tursasawa shi ne Maggiore a matsayin mai neman aiki wanda Gwamnatin Afrika ta Kudu ta gayyace ta don nunawa a taron 2000 AIDS Conference a Durban. Taron ganawar da shugaban kasar Thabo Mbeki a lokacin, ya ce ya shawo kan shawarar da ya yanke don toshe kudade zuwa bincike na likitoci akan mata masu ciki.
Bayan Maggiore damar iya taimakawa daga wadanda suka gan ta a matsayin wata alama ce ta bege, ta sami karin hankali daga wasu wadanda suka yi tambaya ko za ta yi shahada saboda wannan lamari, kamar yadda lafiyarta ta fara kasa. (A wata hanyar, a lokacin wannan lokacin, mai taimakawa mai cutar HIV, Zackie Achmat, ya jawo hankalin duniya game da dakatar da daukar nauyin ARV har sai gwamnatin Afrika ta Kudu ta amince da ta rarraba magunguna ga jama'a mafi girma.)
Daga magoya bayan Maggiore sun kasance mambobi ne na rukunin dutsen, Foo Fighters, wadanda suka shirya kulla yarjejeniya da ita a shekara ta 2001 (matsayin da suka tuntube kansu daga shafin yanar gizon su). Eliza Jane ya mutu lokacin da yake da shekaru uku na pneumocystis ciwon huhu . Maggiore ya mutu a shekara ta 2008 a lokacin da yake da shekaru 58 daga cikin kamuwa da cututtuka na herpes da na kwakwalwa.
Dokta Peter Duesberg
Bitrus Duesberg an fi la'akari da mahaifinsa ne na motsa jiki. An haife shi a 1936 a Jamus, Duesberg ya sami yabo mai yawa a farkon aikinsa don bincikensa game da cututtukan da ke haifar da cutar kanjamau kuma ya tashi da sauri, kuma ya ba da kyauta lokacin da yake da shekaru 36 daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley.
Duk da haka, a farkon shekarar 1987, Duesberg ya zama cibiyar maganganun kimiyya ta hanyar tsammanin cewa kwayoyin wasan kwaikwayo irin su alkyl nitrates (wanda aka fi sani da "poppers") sun kasance dalilin cutar AIDS kuma cutar HIV ba ta da tasiri. Daga bisani ya ci gaba da haɗawa da ARV a matsayin masu haɗakarwa don ciwo.
Yayinda Duesberg ta gudanar da tallafi a lokacin farkon rikicin - ciki har da mai ba da kyautar kyautar Nobel, Kary Banks Mullis (wanda aka girmama shi, don aikinsa game da fasahar PCR da aka yi amfani da shi a gwaje-gwaje na hoto ) - bai kasance ba sai lokacin da ya gana da ' Shugaban kasar Afirka ta Kudu Thabo Mbeki ya nuna cewa tasirin Duesberg ya ji dadin gaske.
A shekara ta 2000, an gayyaci Duesberg (tare da abokan adawa Harvey Bialy, David Rasnick, Robert Giraldo, Sam Mhlongo, da kuma Etienne de Harven) don su zauna a Mbeki ta Advisory Panel kan HIV da AIDS, wani babban abin da ya faru a cikin tarihin Mbeki. "Ya zama kamar ni cewa ba za mu iya zargi duk abin da ke faruwa ba."
Matsayin Mbeki game da cutar HIV-ko da maƙasudinsa game da amfani da "HIV da AIDS" don rarraba abubuwan biyu-an yi la'akari da dalilin da ya sa za a cire shi daga ofishin a shekarar 2008. Lokacin da yake jawabi ga aikin Duesberg a Afirka ta Kudu, Max Essex na Harvard School na Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, ya yi tambaya ko Duesberg ne kawai "gaguwa ga 'yan kimiyya" ko kuma "mai ba da damar yin kisan kai" saboda mutuwar da shekaru da dama suka ƙi a gwamnati. Duesberg ya ci gaba da wallafa ka'idodin da ya bace, mafi yawan kwanan nan a cikin watan Disamba na 2011 na jaridar Italian Journal of Anatomy da Embryology.
Tsohon Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu Thabo Mbeki
Zai zama mawuyacin fahimta cewa manufar tsohon shugaban kasar Afirka ta kudu Thabo Mbeki ya jagoranci ta hanyar "saukowa" tare da mabiya addinai, ko kuma ya kasance "bamboozled" da magoya bayansa da ya zaɓa su rungumi.
Tun daga farkon shekarunsa a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa ga Nelson Mandela, an ga Mbeki ya karbi "maganin Afirka" ga cutar a kan wadanda ke da masaniyar kimiyyar "yammacin". A wani batu, wannan ya haɗa da amfani da ƙananan kayan aikin masana'antu da ake kira Virodene, wanda aka gwada ba bisa ka'ida ba a kan mutane a Afirka ta Kudu da Tanzaniya.
A yawancin jawabin Mbeki kan ko game da kwayar cutar ta HIV, yawancin lokuta suna da rikice-rikicen anti-colonialism ko shawarwari cewa HIV shine hanyar da "West" zai iya amfani, amfani da shi ko kuma ya kauce wa mutanen Afirka.
A cikin wata wallafe-wallafe da jaridar Mark Gevisser ta wallafa, Mbeki ya kwatanta da likitoci na AIDS a Nazi da kuma likitocin da suka yarda da su a matsayin likitoci na asali na 'yan tawaye da suka kamu da su. Yayinda yake tabbatar da shawarar da ya yanke don hana rarraba rundunar ta ARV zuwa ga jama'a, Mbeki ya yi sharhi kamar haka:
"An mayar da ni da baya saboda tabbatar da mutane da yawa a kasarmu don su miƙa dukkan abin da ke cikin fasaha na ilimi don yin aiki a matsayin kamfanonin kamfanin kamfani daya."
Tun da yake ya kasance ba tare da dadewa ba saboda fuskantar mutuwar cutar ta HIV, mutane da yawa sun tabbatar da cewa rashin amincewa da cutar kanjamau ya yi amfani da ka'idodin siyasar Mbeki kawai, ya ba shi damar bin ka'idojin da ba daidai ba tare da cikakkiyar amincewa da "masana" yamma.
Tun lokacin da Mbeki ya fita daga ofishin a shekara ta 2008, an samu babbar matsala a Afirka ta Kudu , wanda yau ke aiki a mafi girma a shirin duniya na ARV a duniya. Amma bisa ga binciken binciken Jami'ar Harvard, mummunar jinkirin mayar da martani ya haifar da mutuwar mutane fiye da 340,000, 170,000 sabon cututtuka, da kuma yara 35,000 waɗanda aka haife su tare da HIV a tsakanin shekarun 1999 da 2007. Duk da haka Mbeki ya kasance ba tare da batawa ba, yana mai magana a cikin wata hira da Newsweek. Maris 2016:
"Me yasa Gwamnatin Afrika ta Kudu ... an sa ran mayar da hankali ga tashe-tashen hankula na tara na mutuwa kamar yadda ya kamata a magance matsaloli guda takwas da suka fi jawo hankalin mutuwa, har ma da aka dauka tare?"
> Sources:
Natrass, N. "Cibiyar Nazari ta Kanjamau: Kimiyya tana yaki." Jami'ar Columbia University Press, Birnin New York. Aka buga 2012; 225 p .; ISBN: 9780231149129.
Mulwo, A ;; Tomaselli, K .; da kuma Francis, M. "HIV / AIDs da kuma jawabai na ƙin yarda a ƙasashen Saharar Afirka: Wani amsa mai tsammanin Afro-optimist?" Littafin Ƙasa na Nazarin Al'adu. 2012; 0 (0): 1-16.
Linzer, J. "AIDS" Dissident "Yana neman Gaddafi ... da Cure for Ciwon daji." Gano. Mayu 15, 2008.
Natrass, N. "Bayyana basirar amfani da maganin miyagun kwayoyi a Afrika ta Kudu." Journal of Accepted Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Disamba 1, 2008; 49 (4): 410-415.
Gaffey, C. "Ex-Shugaban Afirka ta kudu Thabo Mbeki ya tsaya ne ta hanyar maganin cutar HIV." Newsweek; da aka buga a ranar 8 ga Maris, 2016.