Kwayar cutar HIV a Hotuna

1 -

Kwayar cutar HIV a Hotuna

Ta hanyar yin amfani da fasahar nazarin lantarki mai mahimmanci (SEM) da sauran fasaha na fasaha, masana kimiyya suna da ikon yin nazari game da yadda kwayar cutar HIV da sauran kwayoyin cutar ta kamu da cutar HIV.

2 -

T-Cell T-Cell

Ɗabin lantarki mai ƙididdigar ɗan adam na T-lymphocyte (wanda ake kira T-cell) daga tsarin rigakafin mai bayarwa.

3 -

Kwayar CD4 ta HIV

Wani maimaitaccen zafin lantarki mai mahimmanci na CD4 cell CD4 . Colorization na kwamfuta yana taimakawa bambance-bambance da kwayoyin cutar HIV (a rawaya) yayin da suke fitowa daga kwayar cutar (a cikin kore da turquoise).

Tarin cell CD4 shi ne irin T-lymphocyte cell (ko T-cell) wanda ke da glycoprotein da aka kira CD4 akan farfajiya. Har ila yau, an san shi a matsayin "mataimaki", CD4 ba ta tsai da kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta, amma yana inganta tsarin rigakafi na jiki don yin aiki a kan wani wakili. Ta hanyar rage yawan kwayoyin CD4, aikin aikin rigakafi yana hankali a hankali, kara yawan haɗarin cututtuka na Intanet na HIV.

4 -

Kwayoyin CD4 da ke Cutar HIV (Rufe-Up)

Ƙara yawan ƙararrakin CD4 na kwayar cutar HIV.

5 -

Kwayar cutar HIV Daga wani CD4 mai cuta

Ana nuna kamuwa da cutar HIV ta budding da sakewa daga kamfanonin CD4 masu kamuwa.

A lokacin ko jimawa bayan budding, ƙwayar cuta ta shiga cikin matsayi na maturation wanda ake amfani da tsirren ƙarancin gina jiki a cikin kwayar cutar HIV da enzymes. Ana buƙatar ƙwayar cuta domin cutar ta zama mai cutar.

6 -

Mycobacterium tarin fuka

Wani zane-zane na nazarin lantarki na Mycobacterium tuberculosis , wadda ke haifar da tarin fuka (TB). TB mafi sauƙin rinjayar huhu, amma kuma da dama wasu sassan jiki, da. Tun 1993, Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC) sun kirkiro tuberculosis a matsayin magungunan cutar AIDS .

A dukan duniya, TB shine babban dalilin mutuwar mutane da ke zaune tare da kwayar cutar HIV. A Amurka, daga cikin mutane 8,683 tare da TB waɗanda suka rubuta takardar cutar HIV a 2011, 6% sun kamu da kwayar cutar HIV.

_Source

_{Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC). "HIV da Tuberculosis." Atlanta, Jojiya; Maris 19, 2013.}

7 -

Pneumocystis jiroveci

Wani zane-zane na azurfa na Pneumocystis jiroveci fungi ya zama mai ban sha'awa.

Pneumocystis jiroveci ciwon huhu (wanda aka fi sani da PCP) an dauke shi a yanayin da ke fama da cutar kanjamau a cikin mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV. Saboda tasiri na hadewar maganin antiretroviral (cART) , tasirin PCP ya ragu sosai tun lokacin da cutar ta kamu da cutar HIV a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Wannan ya ce, PCP har yanzu shine kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar AIDS a Amurka

P. jirovecii an haife su ne a matsayin P. carinii , amma daga bisani aka canza shi don bambanta shi daga wasu siffofin Pneumocystis da aka samu a cikin dabbobi.

_Source:

_{Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC). "Za ka iya hana PCP." Atlanta, Jojiya; Yuni 21, 2007.}

8 -

Candida albicans

Gwanin 1,000x na al'adar Candida albicans , wanda aka ware daga wata kamuwa da cuta.

C. albicans daya daga cikin nau'i na yisti na yisti wanda zai iya haifar da cututtuka a cikin mutane, daga jere-jita-jita a cikin kwayoyin halitta ( cututtuka) da vaginitis (cututtuka na yisti na fata) zuwa barazanar rayuwa, mummunar cuta a cikin wadanda ba a yarda da su ba. Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC) sun kirkiro takardun neman izini (masu neman lakabi na huhu, bronchi ko trachea) a matsayin yanayin AIDS game da mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV.

Abun takarar ya zama sananne a cikin mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV. Yayin da aiwatar da hadewar maganin rigakafi (cART) zai iya rage yawan halayen masu neman yarinya, har yanzu yana kasancewa daya daga cikin cututtuka masu amfani da dama a cikin kasashe masu arziki da wadata.

C. albicans shine jinsunan da suka fi dacewa da halayen su, duk da haka wasu nau'in Candida (kamar zai iya haifar da kamuwa da cutar a cikin mutane.

_Source:

_{Gona, P .; Van Dyke, R .; Williams, P .; et al. "Rashin Dama da Sauran cututtuka a cikin HIV-Cutar da yara a cikin HAART Era." Jaridar Cibiyar Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya na Amirka (JAMA). 2006; 296 (3): 292-300.}

9 -

Kwayoyin cutar ta mutum (HPV)

Kwayar cutar ta mutum (HPV) wata kwayar cutar ce wadda zata iya haifar da kamuwa da cuta a cikin mutane, kuma shine mafi yawancin cututtukan da aka yi da jima'i (STD) a Amurka. Duk da yake mafi yawan mutanen da ke fama da HPV suna da matukar damuwa, tare da tasiri mai tsawo, wasu matsaloli na iya haifar da warts cewa, a cikin ƙananan ƙananan lokuta, na iya zama cikin ciwon daji na jiki, vulva, farji, azzakari, anus, da oropharnx (wani ɓangare na makogwaro a bayan bakin).

Nazarin ya nuna cewa matan da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV suna da hatsari ga sayen HPV fiye da matan da ba su dauke da kwayar cutar HIV ba, yayin da suke nuna muhimmancin abubuwan da ke dauke da kwayoyin cutar ta HPV. Wadannan kwayoyin ne wadanda zasu iya bunkasa cikin ciwon daji na cervix.

Ciwon daji na ciwon jiji yana daya daga cikin yanayin da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin {asashen Amirka (CDC) ta tsara a matsayin rashin lafiyar cutar kanjamau ga mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV.

A halin yanzu, an kiyasta kimanin kashi 90 cikin dari na cututtuka na zafin jiki ga HPV, tare da maza da suka yi jima'i da maza (MSM) suna gudana kimanin sau 35 a cikin hadarin ciwon daji na zafin jiki fiye da yawan jama'a.

_Source:

_{Singh, D .; Anasto, K .; Hoover, D; et al. "Kwayoyin cutar papillomavirus da cutar cytology a cikin kwayar HIV da kamuwa da cutar HIV-wadanda ba a cutar da su ba." Jaridar cututtukan cututtuka. 2009; 199: 1851-1861.}

10 -

Toxoplasma gondii

Hoton hoto na Toxoplasma gondii samuwa a samfurin nama.

T. gondii wani maganin parasitic ne wanda zai iya haifar da cutar da ake kira toxoplasmosis a cikin mutane da sauran halittun jinin. Idan aka bari ba tare da gurgunta ba, toxoplasmosis zai iya haifar da ƙananan ƙwayar cuta (ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa) da kuma lalacewar ciki. Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da juna shine maganganu da rashin matsala. A cikin ciwon da ke cike da ciwon daji, da ciwon daji, da ciwon daji, da cututtuka na jijiyar jiki, da kuma bayyanuwar tabarun hankali.

Toxoplasmosis na kwakwalwa an tsara shi ne ta Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC) a matsayin rashin lafiyar cutar AIDS kan mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV.

Fiye da 200,000 lokuta na toxoplasmosis da aka ruwaito a Amurka a kowace shekara, sakamakon da kusan 750 mutuwar-sa shi ne na biyu mafi yawan dalilin da ya faru na cututtuka na fama da cutar a bayan Salmonella .

_Source:

_{Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC). "Toxoplasmosis (Ciwon Toxoplasma - Abin da ke faruwa a ilimin cututtuka da kuma cututtuka." Atlanta, Jojiya; Lafiya ta Duniya, Ra'ayin Ciwo na Lafiya da Malaria; Janairu 10, 2012.}

11 -

Salmonella

Wani zane-zane na nazarin lantarki na salmonella enterobacteria wanda ke mamaye tantanin jikin mutum.

Salmonella septicmia ne yanayin da gaban Salmonella a cikin jini yana haifar da wata barazanar rai mai rai, amsawar ƙoshin jikin jiki. Sauran Salmonella da ke cikin mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar ta HIV an kwatanta su a matsayin rashin lafiya da cutar AIDS ta Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC).

Tare da zuwan haɗuwa da maganin rigakafi (CART) , Salmonella septicemia ana dauke shi a cikin mutanen da ke zaune tare da kwayar cutar HIV a cikin duniya ci gaba. Duk da haka, mafi yawan Salmonella- mutuwar mutuwar da ke faruwa a Amurka sune ko dai daga cikin tsofaffi ko wadanda ke da tsarin mummunar rikici.

_Source:

_{Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC). "Shafi A - Dandalin Ƙididdigar Yanayi." Atlanta, Jojiya; nazarin karshe na Nuwamba 20, 2008.}

12 -

Coccidioides immitis

Girman zane-zane mai launin kwari mai siffar tauraro mai suna Coccidiodes tare da bayyane bayyane.

Coccidioimycosis wata cuta ce wadda C C. immitis ko C. posadaii ta haifar da ita, kuma an san shi da sunan "Filayen Fari." Yana da iyaka ga yankunan Amurka ta kudu, daga Texas zuwa kudancin California, da kuma arewacin Mexico, Amurka ta tsakiya, da kuma Kudancin Amirka.

Yayin da coccidioimycosis kullum ke gabatarwa a cikin huhu, lokacin da ya yada kwayar cutar a cikin mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV, ana dauke da rashin lafiyar cutar AIDS akan Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC).

A 2011, sama da 22,000 sababbin cututtukan coccidioimycosis aka ruwaito ta CDC, karuwa goma daga 1998. A California kadai, yawan ya karu daga 719 a 1998 zuwa sama da 5,697 a shekarar 2011.

_Source:

_{Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC). "Haɓaka a cikin Coccidioidomycosis da aka ruwaito - Amurka, 1998-2011." Rahoton Mutuwa da Tsarin Kwararru (MMWR). Maris 29, 2013: 62 (12): 217-221.}

13 -

Varicella zoster

Hoto mai amfani da wutar lantarki mai sauƙi na Varicella zoster virus.

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) yana cikin mambobi ne na cutar iyali, wadanda ke haifar da kaza a cikin yara, matasa da matasa. Bayan ƙaddamar da kamuwa da cutar ta farko, VZV yana barci cikin tsarin jin tsoro, ba tare da ƙarin matsala ko sakamakon ba.

Duk da haka, a cikin 10-20% na lokuta, VZV zai sake haifuwa a cikin tsofaffi na haihuwa, wanda zai haifar da shingles (ko shingles) . Wadannan suna faruwa ne a cikin tsofaffi ko mutane tare da tsarin tsararru mai tsanani.

Mutane da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV suna da sau 17 sun iya samun VZV a sake su fiye da wadanda basu da cutar HIV. Yayin da zanen herpes ya bayyana sau da yawa a cikin mutane masu ƙananan CD4 (a karkashin 200), za su iya gabatarwa a cikin mutane tare da matsanancin ƙarancin rigakafin (CD4 a kusa da 400).

VZV na daya daga cikin kwayar cutar guda daya kamar cutar ta simplex (HSV) . VZV kamuwa da cutar ba a ɗauke da cutar rashin lafiya ba .

_Source:

_{Jordaan, H. "Kwayar fata da maganin mucosal na HIV / AIDS." Haɗin Kudancin Afrika. 2008; 50 (6): 14-23.}

14 -

Cystoispora belli (Isospora Belli)

Ultraviolet zane-zane na m Cystoisospora belli m.

Cystoispora belli (wanda aka fi sani da Isospora belli ) wani ciwon zuciya ne wanda zai iya haifar da cutar a cikin mutane da ake kira cystoisosporiasis .

Tare da zuwan haɗuwa da maganin antiretroviral (cART) , cystoisosporiasis yana dauke da rare a tsakanin mutanen da ke zaune tare da kwayar cutar HIV a cikin duniya ci gaba. Duk da haka, an bayar da rahoton annobar annoba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, saboda yawancin ɓangaren matafiya daga yankuna masu zafi a wurare inda cutar ta karu.

Cibiyar kula da cututtuka da cututtuka (CDC) ta Cibiyar Cystoisosporiasis ta kasance a matsayin rashin lafiyar cutar kanjamau ga mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV.

_Source:

_{Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC). "Shafi A - Dandalin Ƙididdigar Yanayi." Atlanta, Jojiya; nazarin karshe na Nuwamba 20, 2008.}

15 -

Cryptococcus neoformans

Ɗaukar hoto ta mucicarmine na Cryptococcus neoformans a jikin jikin mutum, tare da yisti a cikin ja.

C. neoformans na daya daga cikin nau'o'in jinsunan biyu wanda zai iya haifar da cutar a cikin mutane da ake kira cryptococcosis. (Sauran shi ne C. gattii .) Ana saukowa ta hanyar inhalation da naman gwari, wanda yake a cikin ƙasa da tsuntsaye.

Yayinda mafiya yawan manya da yara da ke nuna wa naman gwari ba za su ci gaba da cryptococcosis ba, mutanen da ke fama da mummunar haɗari suna ci gaba da haɗari-tare da kamuwa da cuta da ke nunawa a cikin huhu ko kuma tsakiyar tsarin jin dadin jiki (inda zai iya haifar da meningitis mai barazana).

A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, saurin cryptococcosis ya ragu sosai tun lokacin gabatarwar hadewar maganin antiretroviral (cART) . Duk da haka, cutar ta kasance babbar muhimmiyar gudummawa ga mutuwar da cututtuka a kasashe masu tasowa, musamman ƙasashen Saharar Afrika.

Ƙungiyar Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta CD (CDC) ta kaddamar da ƙananan cryptococcosis kamar yadda cutar AIDS ke nunawa ga mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV.

_Source:

_{Warkentien, T. da Crum-Cianflone, N. "Ɗaukaka kan Cryptococcus daga cikin kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV." Jaridar Duniya na Cututtukan Lafiya da Harkokin Jima'i da AIDS. Oktoba 2010; 21 (10): 679-84.}

16 -

Histoplasma capsulatum

Hoton hoto wanda ke nuna ambaliyar tsinkaye biyu na tarihin tarihin .

H. capsulatum wani naman gwari ne wanda zai iya haifar da wata cuta a cikin mutane da ake kira histoplasmosis. H. capsulatum yana da damuwa ga sassa na Amurka, da kuma sassa na Afirka, kudu maso gabashin Asia, kudancin Turai, da kuma tsakiya da kudancin Amirka.

Ana iya gano naman gwari na H. capsulatum a cikin ƙasa, tsuntsaye, da bat guano. Saboda yadda yake haɗuwa da ƙyallen magunguna da koguna, ana kiran cutar akai-akai "cutar ta Cave" ko kuma "Spelunker's huhu".

Yawancin kashi 90 cikin dari na yawan mutanen a gabashin da kuma tsakiyar Amurka sun bayyana ga H. capsulatum , tare da mafi yawan wadanda ke fama da kadan ko a'a. Wadanda suke da kwarewa sosai, kamuwa da kamuwa da cututtuka, waɗanda suke da sauri ba tare da tasiri ba.

A cikin mutanen da ba a yarda da shi ba, histoplasmosis zai iya cigaba da ciwon cutar kututturewa, kamar kamuwa da cutar tarin fuka. Binciken tarihi wanda aka lalata, wanda zai iya rinjayar manyan kwayoyin halitta, ana ganinsa kullum a cikin marasa lafiya HIV dauke da kwayar CD4 a ƙarƙashin 150.

Cibiyar Tarihin Cibiyar Harkokin Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) ta ƙaddamar da tarihin ilimin lissafi ta hanyar maganin cutar AIDS kan mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV.

_Source:

_{Kauffman, C. "Histoplasmosis: wani asibiti da kuma labarun zamani." Clinical Microbiology Reviews. Janairu 2007; 20 (1): 115-132.}