Amfanin Ilmantarwa da Magana fiye da Ɗaya Ɗaya
Bilingualism yana da amfani mai yawa, har da damar da za a iya sadarwa a tsakanin al'adu. Duk da haka, wasu bincike sun gano cewa yin magana fiye da ɗaya harshe yana da kwarewa wanda ya wuce nisa. Yin amfani da harshe biyu ya haɓaka da halayen kwakwalwar da ke ciki da kuma rage haɗari na lalata .
Ayyuka na tunanin tunani da tsafta
Domin rigakafin Alzheimer , masu binciken sun dade da shawara su ci gaba da kwakwalwarka ta hanyar samun ilimi , ƙwarewa , da kuma yin wasu ƙwarewar tunani.
Babban yarjejeniya shine cewa yiwuwar bayyanar Alzheimer ta kasance da jinkiri a hankali, kwakwalwa ta hankalinta saboda aikin "motsa jiki" zai iya haifar da kariya mai hankali .
Ma'anar da baya bayanan da ake da hankali shi ne cewa "yana ƙarfafa tsokoki" na kwakwalwa, yana inganta haɗin haɓaka tsakanin ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwararru da ƙwarewa ta ƙaruwa don ramawa ga rashin lafiya a kwakwalwa. Wata hanyar da za ta ba ka kwakwalwa babban aiki shi ne koya da amfani da wani harshe.
Amfanin Brain na kasancewa harshe biyu
Bisa ga nazarin bincike, bincike da yawa sun nuna jinkirta cikin bayyanar Alzheimer da nakasar daji a cikin wadanda suke bilingual. A matsakaici, mutanen da suke harsunan bilingual sun ci gaba da bayyanar cututtuka na rikice-rikice a shekara biyar da shekaru biyar tsufa fiye da waɗanda suka yi magana da guda ɗaya kawai.
Mafi Girma Ayyukan Ayyuka
Don ƙarin koyo game da bilingualism da kuma kwakwalwa, masu bincike sun kwatanta kwakwalwa ta hanyar yin amfani da harshen bilingual zuwa ga wadanda suka yi magana (waɗanda suka yi magana da wata harshe).
Duk mahalarta a cikin binciken sun yiwu cutar Alzheimer kuma ta nuna irin wannan matsala na aiki. Har ila yau, masu bincike sun dauki shekarun, ilimi, ayyuka, da jinsi don tabbatar da cewa duk wani bambanci da aka gano ba za a iya danganta shi ba.
Sakamakon binciken ya gano cewa kwakwalwar 'yan adam sun nuna mummunar lalacewa game da cututtukan da suka shafi cutar Alzheimer fiye da wadanda suka haɗu, amma duk da haka duk aikin da suke da shi ya kasance kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar irin wannan sakamako a kan gwaje-gwaje daban-daban daban-daban.
Ta yaya wannan zai kasance? Yana komawa zuwa ra'ayin da ake da hankali. Kodayake yake nuna cewa sakamakon Alzheimer ya ci gaba da bunkasa a kwakwalwar su, alamun Alzheimer ba su da matukar cigaba fiye da yadda za'a sa ran su. Mutanen bilingual sun sami damar biya ko amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban duk da ciwon lalacewar jiki mai kyau a cikin hankalin su.
Kula da aikin gudanarwa
Binciken da aka buga a cikin mujallar Neuropsychology ya yi nazarin ilimin bilingual a kan aikin gudanarwa na kungiyoyi biyu na mahalarta: 75 mutanen da suka gano asalin cutar Alzheimer da 74 tare da ganewar asali na rashin tausayi , yanayin da wani lokaci yakan cigaba da cutar Alzheimer. An gwada aikin gwaji ta amfani da gwaje-gwaje daban-daban guda uku: gwajin Trail-test , jarabawar tsangwama na launi (kamar jarrabawar Stroop ) da gwajin gwaji . Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mahalarta bilingual sun ci gaba da ci gaba da yin aiki a cikin shekaru masu yawa daga baya fiye da waɗanda suka yi magana kawai da harshe daya.
Inganta farfadowa da kwaskwarima bayan ciwo
Sauran bincike sun gano cewa mutane masu bilingual sun sake farfadowa da karfin haɓaka da kyau bayan bin ciwon bugun jini fiye da waɗanda suke magana guda ɗaya.
Rashin ciwo ya sanya mutane a cikin hadari ga lalacewar jijiyoyin jini, kuma ya danganta da wurin da aka yi da bugun jini, harshe da halayen ƙwarewa.
Abubuwan da ake amfani da su da yawa
Wani binciken da aka tsara a cikin PLOS One yayi la'akari da sakamakon yin harshe-harshe-wato, sanin da amfani da harsuna fiye da biyu. Binciken ya ƙunshi mahalarta wadanda suka nuna rashin jin dadi amma ba a gano su ba tare da lalata. Masu bincike sun gano cewa mahalarta da suka aikata fiye da harsuna guda biyu sun rage hadarin rashin karfin zuciya - a gaskiya, har sau bakwai sunyi kariya daga rashin karfin zuciya kamar wadanda suke amfani da harsuna guda biyu kawai.
Kiwon Lafiyar jiki da Tsarin Jiki
Yayin da muka tsufa, ƙwayoyinmu suna sannu a hankali (rage girman) a tsawon lokaci. Bugu da ƙari, ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, gaba ɗaya da kuma a wasu wurare na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, an haɗa su da aikin aiki.
Ƙungiyar masu bincike sunyi nazarin yadda yawancin kwakwalwa na kwakwalwa da aka kwatanta da wadanda suka hada da wadanda suka hada dasu. Sun gano cewa ƙarar duka launin toka da kuma fata a cikin kwakwalwa ya fi girma a cikin wadanda suka kasance mashahuri.
Abin sha'awa, bincike irin wannan ya gano cewa an samo karuwa a cikin ƙwayar launin toka ga wadanda ba a magana da harshen na biyu ba, irin su Harshen Harshen Amurke .
Ƙarin goyon baya ga amfanin bilingualism ana samuwa a cikin PET scans wanda auna metabolism na glucose a cikin kwakwalwa. Binciken ya nuna bambanci sosai a cikin waɗanda suka yi magana fiye da ɗaya harshe. Halin ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa don inganta glucose (sugars) yana da alaka sosai ga aikin kwakwalwa, saboda haka an lasafta Alzheimer ta Cutar Gizon 3 .
A ƙarshe, kwakwalwa zai iya aiwatar da ayyuka daban-daban idan mutum ya kasance bilingual ko monolingual. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa a cikin harshe, kwakwalwa ya fi dacewa a ayyukan aiki kuma ya fi dacewa da watsi da ƙyama lokacin yin haka.
Shin Takarda Ɗawainiyar Harshe na Ƙasashen waje?
Yayinda yawancin ilmantarwa yana da amfani, yana da wuya cewa bayyanar ɗan gajeren lokaci ga harshen na biyu ya taimaka wajen rage ƙananan haɗarin ka. Maimakon haka, waɗanda suka koyi harshen na biyu a baya a rayuwa kuma waɗanda suke amfani da harshe fiye da ɗaya a koyaushe suna da alama mafi girma ga ƙwarewa.
Matsayi mai girma a cikin harsuna guda biyu yana da muhimmanci. A takaice dai, sanin wasu kalmomi kadan kawai ba zai iya rage hadarin lalacewarku ba, yayin da yake da ƙwarewa don aiki a matsayin mai fassara ya fi dacewa don samar da amfanan kwakwalwa.
Shin wasu abubuwan da za su iya zama masu aiki?
Duk da yake waɗannan nazarin suna nuna cewa suna da alaka da halayyar bilingualism da haɗari da ƙananan haɗari, wasu sunyi tambaya game da wannan dangantaka.
Alal misali, mai binciken Esme Fuller-Thomson ya nuna yawan ƙwayar da ake ciki a cikin harshen saƙo ga wani abu mai suna "m migrant" sakamako. Ta wannan, tana nufin cewa ƙananan ƙananan lalacewa bazai iya kasancewa ba saboda ma'anar bilingual amma a maimakon haka yana iya dangantaka da lafiyar jiki da kuma dacewa da ake bukata don mutane su yi hijira zuwa sabuwar ƙasa. Ta haka ne, ta tabbatar da cewa abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar lafiyar lafiya na iya zama alhakin ƙananan haɗari na lalacewa, a maimakon tsayayya da ilimin da amfani da wani harshe.
Sauran masu bincike sun gano wani matsala wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka tsakanin harshe biyu da rage haɗari na lalata-matakin ilimi mafi girma wanda ke cikin wasu mutane da ke magana da harshe guda ɗaya.
Wannan tambaya game da haɗin kai tare da haddasawa abu ne guda ɗaya a fannin kimiyya, kuma yana da wuya a cire abubuwa masu yawa da zasu iya tasiri sakamakon wannan binciken wanda ya nuna daidaituwa tsakanin ingantaccen kwakwalwa da aiki da harshe bilingualism.
Kalma Daga
Duk da yake babu wata hanyar da za a iya hana Alzheimer, waɗannan nazarin suna nuna wasu ƙananan amfani ga kwakwalwarka ta amfani da harsuna da yawa. Hanya tsakanin kasancewa harshe biyu da kuma fuskantar rashin lalacewar lalacewa ba a fahimta ba tukuna, amma ana nuna goyon baya da binciken bincike da yawa. Koyo da yin amfani da harshen na biyu zai iya zama hanya mai amfani don yin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa da jin dadin sadarwar al'adu.
Sources:
Cortext. Volume 48, Issue 8, Satumba 2012. Bilingualism a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga ajiyar hankali: Shaida daga ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa a cutar Alzheimer. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010945211001043
> Craik, F., Bialystok, E. da Freedman, M. (2010). Tsayar da farawar cutar Alzheimer: Bilingualism a matsayin wani nau'i na basirar hankali. Nazarin ilimin lissafi , 75 (19), pp.1726-1729. 10.1212 / WNL.0b013e3181fc2a1c
> Li, L., Abutalebi, J., Emmorey, K., et al. (2017). Yadda harshe bilingualism ke kare kwakwalwa daga tsufa: Abubuwan da suka shafi bimodal bilingual. Taswirar Zuciya ta Mutum , 38 (8), pp.4109-4124.
Neuropsychology. 2014 Mar, 28 (2): 290-304. Harshen harshen bilingualism a shekarun da suka fara da cigaba da MCI da AD: shaidun shaida daga aikin gwaji. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24245925
> Perani, D., Farsad, M., Ballarini, et al (2017). Hanyoyin bilingualism a kan ajiyar kwakwalwa da kuma haɗuwa da juna a cikin lalatawar Alzheimer. Ayyukan Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa , 114 (7), shafi na 1690-1695.
PLOS daya. 30 ga Afrilu, 2013. Gidajen Yau da Zaman Lafiya zuwa Tsarin Mulki: Sabon Shaida don Tallafawa Tsarin Tsarin Tsaya. http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0062030
> Strauss S. Shin harshen harshe ba da jinkiri ba ne? CMAJ: Jaridar Ƙungiyar Magunguna ta Kanada . 2015; 187 (7): E209-E210. Doi: 10.1503 / cmaj.109-5022.