Genotyping da Phenotyping Za su iya gano, kuma Ko da ƙaddara, Durag Resistance Drug
Koda ga mutanen da suka fi dacewa da maganin maganin cutar HIV, ana tsammanin wasu nauyin maganin kwayar cutar HIV suna ci gaba a tsawon lokaci saboda maye gurbin kwayar cutar. A wasu lokuta, juriya na iya bunkasa cikin hanzari lokacin da haɗin kai na ƙasa ya ba da dama ga al'ummomin HIV masu yaduwa su bunƙasa, wanda ya haifar da rashin lafiya.
Lokacin da rashin nasarar jiyya ya faru, dole ne a zaba zaɓuɓɓukan maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi don kawar da wannan sabon ƙwayar cuta.
Gwaran gwajin gwajin gwaji na taimakawa wajen taimakawa wannan ta hanyar gano nauyin maye gurbin maye gurbi a cikin "tafkin bidiyo mai hoto," yayin gano yadda yaduwar cututtuka zasu iya yin amfani da asibitoci .
Ana amfani da kayan aiki guda biyu na jarabawar gwaji a HIV: kwayar cutar kwayar HIV da kwayar cutar HIV HIV .
Menene Genotype da Phenotype?
Da ma'anarsa, samfurin shine kawai samfurin kwayoyin halitta, yayin da samfurin shine siffofin da ke gani ko siffofin wannan kwayoyin halitta.
Ayyukan jigilar kwayoyin (ko kwayoyin) aiki ta hanyar gano ka'idodin gado a cikin tsarin kwayoyin halitta, ko DNA. Harshen Phenotypic (ko phenotyping) ya tabbatar da bayanin waɗannan umarnin a ƙarƙashin rinjayar yanayi daban-daban.
Duk da yake ƙungiyar tsakanin kwayar halitta da phenotype ba cikakke ba ne, jigilar jini zai iya zama tsinkaya na phenotype, musamman lokacin da canje-canje a cikin tsarin jinsin ya ba da canjin da aka sa ran a cikin dabi'u ko halayen-kamar yadda ya kamata a inganta juriya.
Phenotyping, a gefe guda, ya tabbatar da "a nan-da-yanzu". Yana da nufin tantance halin da kwayoyin ke yi game da canje-canje na musamman a cikin matsalolin muhalli-irin su lokacin da ake bayyanar da kwayar cutar HIV da magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi.
Bayyana HIV Genotyping
Kwayar cutar HIV ita ce mafi yawan fasahar da aka saba amfani dashi don gwajin gwajin.
Manufar gwajin ita ce gano wasu ƙayyadaddun kwayoyin halitta a cikin ɓangaren gag-pol na kwayar cutar ' kwayar halitta ' (ko kwayoyin halitta). Wannan ita ce yankin inda aka juya bayanan transcriptase, protease da hade-haɗen enzymes-makasudin magungunan maganin antiretroviral - wanda aka sanya a cikin sarkar DNA.
Ta hanyar ƙarfafa kwayar cutar HIV ta hanyar amfani da fasahar polymerase (PCR) , masu fasahar labaru zasu iya tsara (ko "taswirar") kwayoyin cutar ta hanyar amfani da fasahar musayar maye gurbin.
Sauyewar maye gurbin (ko tarawar maye gurbin) an fassara shi ta hanyar masu fasaha wanda ke nazarin dangantakar dake tsakanin musanya da aka gano da kuma kwayar cutar 'kwayar cutar kwayar cutar. Bayanin bayanan yanar gizo na iya taimakawa ta hanyar gwada jigon gwaji zuwa wannan na samfurin "nau'in-nau'in-nau'in" (watau HIV wadda ba ta da maye gurbin maye gurbin).
Ana yin fassarar waɗannan gwaje-gwajen don sanin ƙwayar magungunan ƙwayoyi, tare da mafi yawan maɓallin maɓalli wanda ke ba da matakan maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi .
Bayyana Harshen cutar HIV
Binciken kwayar cutar kwayar cutar HIV ya yi la'akari da ci gaban kwayar cutar HIV a gaban kwayar cutar, sa'an nan kuma kwatanta hakan ga ci gaba da kula da cutar, irin wannan cuta.
Kamar dai yadda gwajin kwayoyin yake, jarrabawar phenotypic yana kara yawan yankin gag-Pol na kwayar HIV.
Wannan ɓangare na lambar kundin tsarin kwayar halitta ana "sare" a kan tsararren iri-iri ta amfani da fasahar DNA na recombinant . Ana amfani da cutar ta sake amfani da kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayar halitta a vitro (a cikin Lab).
An samo samfurin bidiyo mai hoto don kara karuwa da kwayoyi masu magunguna daban-daban har zuwa kashi 50% da kashi 90 cikin dari. Ana yin amfani da ƙananan idan aka kwatanta da sakamakon daga kulawa, samfurin iri-iri.
Yanayin "ninka" zumunta ya samar da tasirin darajar da aka ƙaddara magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Sauyawa sau hudu yana nufin cewa sau hudu yawan adadin miyagun ƙwayoyi ne ake bukata don cimma burin maganin cututtuka idan aka kwatanta da irin nau'in daji.
Yawancin yawan kamfanoni, ƙananan kwayar cutar ita ce ƙananan magani.
Wadannan dabi'un ana sanya su a cikin ɗakunan ƙananan asibiti da ƙananan asibiti, tare da ƙananan dabi'u waɗanda ke ba da matakan maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi. (Dubi bayanan samfurin .)
Yayinda aka gwada gwajin gwajin gwaji?
A Amurka, jarrabawar jinsin kwayoyin halitta an yi ta al'ada a kan maganin marasa lafiya marasa lafiya don sanin ko suna da "jarabawa". Nazarin a Amurka ya bayar da shawarar cewa tsakanin 6% da 16% na kwayar cutar za su kasance masu tsayayya da akalla daya daga cikin kwayoyi masu guba, yayin da kimanin kashi 5 cikin dari zasu kasance masu tsayayya da nau'i na miyagun ƙwayoyi.
Ana amfani da gwajin gwajin gwaji ta hanyar amfani da maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin mutane. An gwada gwaji yayin da mai haƙuri ko dai ya ɗauki tsarin gurzawa ko cikin makonni hudu na farfadowa da magani idan nauyin hoto ya fi 500 kofi / mL. Ana gwada gwajin jigilar dabbobi a cikin waɗannan lokuta yayin da suke ƙasa da ƙasa, da sauri sauri, da kuma bayar da karin haske don ganewa gaurayewar cutar daji da cutar.
Haɗakar da kwayoyin halittu da kwayoyin jinsin kwayar cutar ne ake fi son su ga mutane masu fama da magunguna, musamman ga waɗanda aka nuna wa masu hana masu protease .
Sources:
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO). "Dandalin Tabbatar Drug Resistance Fact Sheet." Geneva, Switzerland; Afrilu 11, 2011.
Kim, D .; Ziebell, R .; Saduvala, N. et al. "Yanayin da kwayar cutar ta HIV-1 ta ƙungiyar ARV ta haifar da juriya: 10 wuraren kula da HIV, US, 2007-2010." Taro na 20 game da Rubuce-tafiye da Hanyoyin Ciki. Atlanta, Jojiya; Maris 6, 2013; Rubutun kalmomi 149.
Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya (NIH). "Sharuɗɗa don Amfani da Ma'aikata marasa lafiya a HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents." Bethesda, Maryland; Oktoba 11, 2013.