Ta yaya Genes ke shafi tsofaffi da kuma yadda za ku iya "canza" rayuwar ku
Jirginku na DNA na iya hango karin bayani game da ku fiye da yadda kuke kallo. Bisa ga ka'idar jinsin tsufa, kwayoyinku (da maye gurbi a waɗannan kwayoyin) suna da alhakin tsawon lokacin da za ku rayu. Ga abin da ya kamata ku sani game da kwayoyin halitta da tsawon lokaci, da kuma inda jinsunan suke dacewa tsakanin ra'ayoyi daban-daban na tsufa.
Ka'idar Halitta na Tsufa - Ma'anar
Ka'idar ka'idar tsofaffi ta furta cewa yawancin kwayoyin da muka gaji sun fi girma.
Bisa ga ka'idar, tsawon lokacinmu yana da mahimmanci a lokacin da aka tsara kuma yana dogara ga iyayenmu da kwayoyinsu.
Dalili a bayan wannan ka'idar ita ce sassan DNA da ke faruwa a ƙarshen chromosomes, wanda ake kira telomeres , ƙayyade yawan ƙwayar sel. Telomeres sune nau'i na "DNA" a ƙarshen chromosomes wanda ya zama ya fi guntu a duk lokacin da kwayar halitta ta rarraba. Wadannan telomeres sun zama mafi guntu kuma sun fi guntu kuma ƙarshe, kwayoyin ba zasu iya raba ba tare da rasa DNA.
Kafin ka fahimci irin yadda kwayoyin ke shafar tsofaffi, da kuma muhawarar da kuma game da wannan ka'idar, yana da amfani muyi magana akan taƙaitaccen mahimmanci na ka'idodin tsufa da kuma wasu ƙididdiga na musamman a waɗannan sassa. A halin yanzu babu ka'idar daya ko ma wani nau'i na ilimin da zai iya bayyana duk abin da muke gani a cikin tsarin tsufa.
Ka'idojin tsufa
Akwai nau'o'i na biyu na tsofaffi ka'idojin da suka bambanta a cikin abin da ake kira "manufa" na tsufa. A cikin jigon farko, tsofaffi yana da haɗari; haɗuwa da lalacewa da ciwa da kuma tsawa ga jikin da ke haifar da mutuwa. Sabanin haka, shirin na tsofaffi tunanin ra'ayi yana ganin tsufa a matsayin tsari na gangan, sarrafawa ta hanyar da za a iya kwatanta da sauran nau'o'in rayuwa irin su balaga.
Ka'idoji na kuskure sun hada da raguwa daban-daban da suka hada da:
- Yau da hawaye ka'idar tsufa
- Adadin ka'idar rayuwa ta tsufa
- Ka'idojin haɗin gwiwar protein sake
- Free ka'idar ka'idar tsufa
- Matsanancin maye gurbin ka'idar tsufa
Shirye-shiryen tsararru na tsufa kuma an rushe su cikin sassa daban-daban bisa ga hanyar da aka tsara jikinmu zuwa shekaru da mutuwa.
- Shirye-shiryen tsawon lokaci - Shirye-shirye na tsawon lokaci ya yi iƙirarin cewa rayuwa ta ƙaddara ta hanyar sauyawa da kashe kwayoyin halitta.
- Endocrine ka'idar da tsufa
- Ka'idar Immunological na tsufa
Akwai manyan mahimmanci tsakanin waɗannan ka'idodin har ma da ma'anonin tsofaffi.
Yan Adam da Ayyuka
Kafin mu tattauna batutuwan da suka danganci tsufa da jinsin, bari mu duba abin da DNA ɗinmu yake da kuma wasu hanyoyi na ainihin yadda kwayoyin suka shafi rayuwar mu.
Jirginmu suna cikin DNA wanda yake a cikin tsakiya (cikin ciki) na kowace tantanin halitta a cikin jikin mu. (Akwai kuma DNA mitochondrial a cikin kwayoyin da ake kira mitochondria wanda ke cikin cytoplasm na tantanin halitta.) Kowannenmu yana da 46 chromosomes da ke samar da DNA, 23 wanda daga iyayenmu ne da 23 waɗanda suka zo daga iyayenmu. Daga cikin waɗannan, 44 suna da tsauraran matuka, kuma biyu ne jima'i na chromosomes, wanda ke ƙayyade idan za mu zama namiji ko mace.
(DNA Mitochondrial, da bambanci, yana ɗauke da bayanan kwayoyin halitta kuma an karɓa ne daga iyayenmu kawai.)
A cikin wadannan chromosomes sun danganta jinsinmu, zane-zanenmu wanda ke da alhakin ɗaukar bayanai ga kowane tsari wanda zai faru a cikin jikinmu. Zamu iya kallon kwayoyin mu a matsayin jerin harufan da suka hada da kalmomi da kalmomin umarnin. Wadannan kalmomi da kalmomi na siffantawa don samar da sunadarin sunadarai wanda ke sarrafa kowane tsarin salula.
Idan wani daga cikin wadannan kwayoyin ya lalace, alal misali, ta maye gurbin wanda ya canza jerin "haruffa da kalmomi" a cikin umarnin, za'a iya gina furotin maras kyau, wanda hakan ya yi aiki mara kyau.
Idan maye gurbi yana faruwa a cikin sunadarin sunadarai wanda ya tsara ci gaban kwayar halitta, ciwon daji zai iya haifar. Idan an kawar da wadannan kwayoyin tun daga haife, ƙwayoyin cuta masu yawa zasu iya faruwa. Alal misali, cystic fibrosis shine yanayin da yarinya ya karbi kwayoyin halitta biyu masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke sarrafa abincin da yake sarrafa tashoshin da ke da alhakin motsi na kwayar halitta a cikin kundin gurasar, gland, da sauransu. Sakamakon wannan maye gurbi yana haifar da ƙanshin ƙananan ƙwayoyin da waɗannan glanders suka samar, da kuma matsalolin da suka haifar da wannan yanayin.
Ta yaya Genes Impact Lifespan
Ba ya yin nazari mai mahimmanci don sanin cewa kwayoyinmu suna taka rawa a wasu lokuta a tsawon lokaci. Mutane da iyayensu da kakanni sun rayu tsawon lokaci, sun kasance suna rayuwa da tsayi kuma suna nuna rashin gaskiya. Bugu da} ari, mun san cewa jinsin kawai ba shine kawai hanyar tsufa ba. Nazarin da ke kallon ma'aurata suna nuna cewa akwai wani abu da ke faruwa; kamar ma'aurata wadanda suke da kwayoyin halitta ba daidai ba ne kullum suna da shekaru masu yawa.
Wasu kwayoyin suna da amfani kuma suna bunkasa tsawon lokaci. Alal misali, jigon da ke taimakawa mutumin da zazzabi cholesterol zai rage yawan hadarin zuciya na mutum.
Wasu maye gurbin mutun an gaji, kuma yana iya rage raguwa. Duk da haka, maye gurbi ma zai iya faruwa bayan haihuwa , tun lokacin da ake nunawa ga toxins, radicals free da radiation zai iya haifar da canjin canjin. (Halittar jinsin da aka samu bayan haihuwar ana kiran su haɓaka ko haɓakawa na yau da kullum.) Mafi yawan maye gurbin ba su da kyau a gare ku, wasu kuma suna iya amfani da su. Wannan kuwa shi ne saboda maye gurbin kwayoyin halittu ya haifar da bambancin kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke sa mutane lafiya. Sauran maye gurbin, wanda ake kira maye gurbin shiru, basu da tasiri a jiki.
Wasu kwayoyin, lokacin da mutun yake da cutarwa, kamar wadanda ke kawo hadarin ciwon daji. Mutane da yawa suna sane da maye gurbin BRCA1 da BRCA2 wanda ke sa ran ciwon nono. Wadannan kwayoyin an kira su kwayoyin muryar tumo wanda ke tsarawa ga sunadarai da ke kula da gyaran DNA da aka lalata (ko kawar da tantanin halitta tare da DNA ta lalata idan gyara ba zai yiwu ba.)
Daban-daban cututtuka da yanayin da suka danganci ƙarancin maye gurbi zasu iya tasiri tasiri. Wadannan sun hada da cystic fibrosis , ciwon sikile cell , cutar Tay-Sachs da cutar Huntington , don suna suna.
Ka'idojin mahimmanci a ka'idar Halitta na Alkaran
Manufofin mahimmanci a cikin jinsin da tsufa sun haɗa da mahimman ra'ayoyi masu mahimmanci da ra'ayoyin da ke fitowa daga telomere ragewa ga ka'idojin game da rawar da kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta ke tsufa.
Telomeres - A ƙarshen kowanne daga cikin chromosomes ya zama wani "DNNA" da ake kira telomeres . Telomeres ba sa lambar don wadansu sunadarai amma suna nuna cewa suna da aikin karewa, suna kare iyakar DNA daga haɗawa zuwa wasu nau'i na DNA ko kafa da'irar. Kowace lokacin da kwayar halitta ta rarraba dan kadan daga wani karin waya an cire shi. A ƙarshe. babu wani daga cikin DNA din da aka ragu, da kuma sacewa zai iya lalata chromosomes da kwayoyin jini don tantanin halitta ya mutu.
Gaba ɗaya, ƙananan tantanin halitta zai iya rarraba sau 50 kafin a yi amfani da telomere (iyakar Hayflick). Kwayoyin ciwon daji sun ƙaddara wata hanyar da ba za ta cire ba, kuma wani lokacin har ma ƙara zuwa, wani ɓangare na telomere. Bugu da ƙari, wasu kwayoyin halitta irin su kwayoyin jini ba su shawo kan wannan tsari na telomere raguwa . Ya bayyana cewa yayinda kwayoyin da ke cikin dukkan kwayoyinmu suna da kalmar code don telomerase enzyme wanda ya hana telomere takaitawa kuma yiwu ma ma'ana a cikin tsayin ƙarfin, jinsin kawai "kunna" ko "aka bayyana" kamar yadda masu halitta suka ce, a cikin sel kamar launin fari Kwayoyin jini da kuma ciwon daji. Masana kimiyya sunyi la'akari da cewa idan ana iya canza wannan telomerase a cikin wasu kwayoyin (amma ba haka ba cewa girma zasu tafi haywire kamar yadda yake a cikin kwayoyin cututtuka) iyakar shekarun mu na iya fadada.
Nazarin sun gano cewa wasu yanayi na yau da kullum irin su cutar hawan jini suna hade da ragowar tarin telomerase yayin da cin abinci mai kyau da motsa jiki suna da alaƙa da tsayi mai yawa. Da kasancewa kisa yana hade da raguwa telomeres.
Rayayyun halittu - Rayayyun kwayoyin halitta sune ainihin kwayoyin da suke hade da rayuwa tsawon lokaci. Halitta guda biyu wadanda suke haɗuwa tare da tsawon lokaci su ne SIRT1 (sirtruin 1) da SIRT2. Masana kimiyya suna duban wani rukuni na sama da mutane 800 wadanda suka kai shekaru 100 ko tsufa, suka sami manyan bambance-bambance guda uku a cikin jinsin da ke hade da tsufa.
Sanarwar ƙwayar salula - Sashin jiki na jiki yana nufin hanyar da sassan ke lalace a tsawon lokaci. Wannan zai iya danganta da ragewar telomeres, ko aiwatar da apoptosis (ko tantanin jiki da kansa) wanda aka cire tsoffin tsofaffin jikin.
Kwayoyin da ke juyayi - Tsakanin kwayoyin halitta ne marasa kwayar halitta wanda ke da damar zama kowane irin kwayar halitta a jiki. An yi la'akari da cewa tsufa na iya dangantaka da ko dai raguwa daga kwayoyin sutura ko asarar karfin iyawar kwayoyin jini don bambanta ko balaga cikin nau'o'in sel. Yana da muhimmanci a lura cewa wannan ka'idar tana nufin 'yan kwayar juyi masu girma, ba' yan kwayoyin jini ba. Sabanin nau'in kwayar halitta mai ciki, jakar kwayoyin halitta ba za su iya girma cikin kowane irin kwayar halitta ba amma kawai wasu adadin tantanin halitta. Yawancin jikin a cikin jikinmu sun bambanta, ko cikakke cikakke, kuma kwayoyin halitta suna ƙananan ƙwayoyin sel ne kawai suke cikin jiki.
Misali na nau'in nama wanda za'a iya sake farfadowa ta hanyar wannan hanya shine hanta. Wannan ya bambanta da ƙwayar kwakwalwa wadda yawanci ba ta da wannan mawuyacin tsarin mulki. Akwai shaidun shaida yanzu cewa kwayoyin halitta suna iya zamawa a cikin tsarin tsufa, amma waɗannan ka'idoji sunyi kama da batun tsirma da-kwai. Babu tabbacin tsufa na faruwa saboda canje-canje a cikin kwayoyin halitta, ko kuma, idan a maimakon haka, canje-canje a jikin kwayoyin sunyi saboda tsarin tsufa.
Epigenetics - Epigenetics yana nufin bayyanar kwayoyin halitta. A wasu kalmomi, wata halitta zata iya kasancewa amma za a iya kunna ko kashe shi. Mun san cewa akwai wasu kwayoyin halitta a jikin da aka kunna don kawai wani lokaci. Sashen epigenetics kuma yana taimakawa masana kimiyya su fahimci yadda abubuwa na muhalli zasu iya aiki a cikin ƙuntataccen kwayoyin halitta don karewa ko tsinkaya ga cutar.
Kalmomi na Farko na Farko na Uku
Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, akwai tabbacin shaida mai yawa da ke kallon muhimmancin kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsammanin rayuwa. Yayin da aka kallon kwayoyin halitta, wadannan sun rushe zuwa makarantun firamare guda uku.
- Na farko ka'idar tana iƙirarin cewa tsufa yana da alaƙa da maye gurbi wanda ke da alaka da rayuwa mai tsawo kuma cewa tsufa yana da alaka da haɗakar maye gurbin kwayoyin da ba'a gyara.
- Wani ka'ida shi ne cewa tsufa yana da alaƙa da ƙarshen sakamakon wasu kwayoyin, kuma ana kiransa antagonism.
- Duk da haka wata ka'ida, da aka ba da shawara dangane da rayuwa a cikin tsauraran hanyoyi, shine yanayin da ke da ƙananan haɗari don tsangwama ga rayayye rayuwa zai haifar da karuwa a cikin mambobin da ke da maye gurbin tsarin da tsufa.
Shaidar Bayan Bayanin Labarai
Akwai hanyoyi masu yawa na shaidar da ke tallafawa ka'idar jinsin tsofaffi, akalla a wani ɓangare.
Zai yiwu hujjoji mafi karfi a goyan baya ga ka'idar jinsin halitta shine nau'ikan jinsin-wasu bambance-bambance na rayuwa mafi girma, tare da wasu jinsunan (irin su butterflies) suna da raguwa sosai, da sauransu, irin su giwaye da whales, suna kama da namu. A cikin jinsin guda, rayuwa ta kama kama, amma rayuwa zai iya bambanta tsakanin jinsunan biyu wanda ba haka ba ne kamar girman.
Har ila yau, nazarin jinsin suna taimakawa ga kwayoyin halittu, kamar ma'aurata (ma'auratan monozygotic) sun fi kama da yanayin rayuwa fiye da ma'aurata marasa jinsi. Tattaunawa da ma'aurata da aka haɗu da juna tare da bambanta wannan tare da ma'aurata masu yawa waɗanda aka tsayar da su na iya taimakawa wajen rarraba abubuwan halayyar irin su cin abinci da kuma sauran halaye na rayuwa kamar yadda ake haifar da iyali a tsawon lokaci.
An sami ƙarin shaida a kan fadadaccen zane ta hanyar kallon sakamakon maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta a wasu dabbobi. A wasu tsutsotsi kamar wasu ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta, maye gurbi guda ɗaya na iya kara tsawon rai ta hanyar kashi 50 cikin dari.
Bugu da ƙari, muna samun hujjoji ga wasu daga cikin hanyoyin da ke cikin ka'idar halitta. Gwargwadon gwargwadon tsawo na telomere sun nuna cewa telomeres suna da damuwa ga abubuwan kwayoyin da zasu iya bunkasa yawan tsufa.
Tabbatar da hujjoji game da ilimin halitta
Ɗaya daga cikin muhawarar da suka fi karfi game da ka'idar jinsin tsufa ko kuma "tsaraccen rai" ya zo ne daga hangen nesa. Me ya sa za a sami cikakkiyar fansa fiye da haihuwa? A wasu kalmomi, menene "manufar" take da rai bayan da mutum ya sake haifar da rayuwarsa har ya isa ya haifa zuriyarsu zuwa girma?
Har ila yau, ya bayyana daga abin da muka sani game da salon da cutar cewa akwai wasu dalilai masu yawa a cikin tsufa. Abokan ma'aurata suna da nauyin rayuka daban-daban dangane da hangen nesa, abubuwan da suke rayuwa (irin su shan taba) da kuma yanayin aiki na jiki.
Layin Ƙasa
An kiyasta cewa kwayoyin za su iya bayyana iyakar kashi 35 cikin 100 na rayuwar jiki, amma har yanzu ba mu fahimta ba game da tsufa fiye da abin da muka fahimta. Yawanci, yana da maƙila cewa tsufa wani tsari ne mai yawa, yana nufin cewa yana iya haɗuwa da dama daga cikin ka'idar. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa abubuwan da aka tattauna a nan ba su da alaka da juna. Halin burbushin halittu, ko kuma ko jinsin da yake a yanzu yana "bayyana" zai iya inganta fahimtarmu.
Baya ga kwayoyin halitta, akwai wasu ƙayyadewa a cikin tsufa irin su halin mu, nuni, da kuma sauƙi. Ba za a hallaka ku ba idan iyayenku sun mutu matashi, kuma ba za ku iya watsi da lafiyarku ba ko da iyalin ku na da dogon rayuwa.
Menene Za Ka Yi don Rage "Kwayoyin Halitta" Yarinya na Soshinku?
An koya mana mu ci abinci mai kyau kuma muyi aiki kuma waɗannan salon rayuwa suna iya zama mahimmanci ko ta yaya yawancin halittu muke ciki a cikin tsufa. Ayyukan da suke da alaka da kwayoyin halitta da kyallen jikin jikinmu suna iya kiyaye jinsinmu da chromosomes lafiya.
Ko da kuwa mahimmancin matsaloli na tsufa, zai iya yin bambanci ga:
- Exercise - Nazarin bincike sun gano cewa aiki na jiki ba kawai yana taimakawa zuciyarka da kwarjin aiki ba sosai, amma motsa jiki na telomeres.
- Ku ci abinci mara kyau - Abincin abinci mai mahimmanci a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari yana hade da aiki mafi girma na telomerase (a sakamakon haka, ƙananan rage yawan telomeres a cikin jikin ku). Abincin abinci mai tsayi a cikin omega-3-fatty acid yana hade da tsalle-tsalle masu tsayi amma rage cin abinci mai tsayi a omega-6-fatty acid shi ne kishiyar kuma ya haɗu da raƙuman telomeres. Bugu da kari, soda pop ci yana da nasaba da taka ragowar telomeres. Reservatrol, wanda ke da alhakin farin ciki a kan shan giya mai ruwan inabin (amma kuma ya samo shi a cikin ruwan inabi mai inganci) yana nuna ya kunna SIRT mai tsawo
- Rage danniya
- Guji carcinogens
- Kula da lafiya mai kyau - Ba wai kawai abu ne mai haɗari ba tare da wasu hanyoyin da aka haifa da tsufa da aka ambata a sama (irin su raguwar telomeres), amma nazarin karatun ya samo yawan amfanin da ake hade da caloric restriction. Ka'idojin farko na salon rigakafin ciwon daji da Cibiyar Nazarin Cibiyar Nazarin Kankara ta Cibiyar ta Amurka ta fitar da ita - ta kasance a hankali kamar yadda ya kamata ba tare da kasancewa marar nauyi ba - zai iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsawon lokaci da kuma rigakafin ciwon daji da kuma hana rigakafin ciwon daji.
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Kumar, Vinay, Abul K. Abbas, Jon C. Aster, da James A. Perkins. Robbins da Cotran Pathologic Basis na cuta. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier / Saunders, 2015. Print.
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