Nazarin tsufa - gerontology - wani sabon kimiyya ne wanda ya haifar da ci gaba mai girma a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. A baya, masana kimiyya sun nema ka'idar daya da ta bayyana tsufa. Akwai manyan kungiyoyi biyu na masana tsufa. Ƙungiyar ta farko ta furta cewa tsufa na halitta ne kuma an tsara shi cikin jiki, yayin da ƙungiya ta biyu na tsufa suka ce tsufa sakamakon sakamakon lalacewa ne wanda aka tara a tsawon lokaci.
A ƙarshe, tsofaffi shine haɗari da haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta, ilmin sunadarai, physiology, da hali.
Ka'idojin tsufa
Ta hanyar fahimta da kuma bayanin yadda muke da shekaru, masu bincike sun kirkiro wasu hanyoyi daban-daban na tsufa. An tsara nau'o'i biyu da ka'idoji da kuskure.
- Shirye-shiryen da aka kirkiro sun tabbatar da cewa an tsara jikin mutum zuwa shekaru kuma akwai wasu lokuttan halitta wanda jikinmu ke bi.
- Longevity Shirye-shiryen: Yarinya yana haifar da wasu kwayoyin suna canzawa da kashe a tsawon lokaci.
- Endocrine Ka'idar : Canje-canje a cikin kwayoyin hormones tsufa.
- Ka'idar Immunological : An tsara shirin na rigakafi don yin watsi da lokaci, yana barin mutane su fi kamuwa da cututtuka.
- Ka'idojin kuskure sun tabbatar da cewa tsufa yana haifar da lalacewar muhalli ga tsarin jikinmu, wanda ya tara sama da lokaci.
- Sawa da Jingina : Selis da kyallen takalma kawai suna da wahala.
- Kwancen Rayuwa : Mafi sauri kwayoyin suna amfani da oxygen, wanda ya fi guntu yana rayuwa.
- Rigayewa: Tsarin sunadarin sunadaran sun haɗu kuma suna jinkirta tafiyar matakan.
- Free Radicals: Hanyoyin da ke haifar da cututtuka suna haifar da lalacewa ga kwayoyin halitta wanda ke haifar da aikin aiki.
- Dattijan DNA Damage : Halittar kwayoyin halitta yana sa sel suyi aiki mara kyau.
Genetics da tsufa
Nazarin sun nuna cewa jinsin iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsufa. Lokacin da masu bincike suka daidaita jinsin a wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin, yisti Kwayoyin, da sauran kwayoyin halitta, zasu iya kusan ninka ɗayan halittu. Ma'anar wadannan gwaje-gwaje ga mutane ba a san su ba, amma masu bincike sunyi tunanin cewa asusun halittar jinsin har zuwa kashi 35 na bambancin da tsufa a tsakanin mutane.
Wasu mahimman bayanai akan jinsin halitta da tsufa sun hada da:
- Hawancin Halitta: Akwai wasu kwayoyin da zasu taimaka wa mutum ya rayu tsawon lokaci.
- Cell Tsinkaya : Tsarin da sassan ke haifarwa a cikin lokaci.
- Telomeres: Gine-gine a karshen DNA wanda ƙarshe ya ƙare, wanda ya haifar da kwayoyin da ba su daina yin amfani da su.
- Saki Sanya: Wadannan kwayoyin zasu iya zama kowane irin tantanin halitta a cikin jiki kuma suna riƙe da alkawalin gyara lalacewar da ta tsufa.
Biochemistry
Ko da wane irin kwayoyin da ka gaji, jikinka yana ci gaba da haddasa kwayoyin halitta. Wasu daga cikin halayen zasu haifar da lalacewa kuma, kyakkyawan, tsufa a cikin jiki. Yin nazarin waɗannan halayen halayen yana taimakawa masu bincike su fahimci yadda jiki ya canza yayin da yake da shekaru. Mahimman ra'ayoyi a cikin nazarin halittu na tsufa sun hada da:
- Radicals: Sauran kwayoyin oxygen wadanda zasu iya lalata kwayoyin halitta.
- Protein Cross-Linking: Jigilar jini a cikin jini zai iya haifar da kwayoyin sunadarai don daidaitawa.
- Sabuntawar DNA: Don dalilan da ba a sani ba, tsarin da ke cikin jiki don gyara DNA ya zama rashin tasiri a cikin tsofaffi.
- Sauran sunadarai mai zafi: Wadannan sunadarin sunadarin sun taimaka wa rayuka sunyi wahala kuma sun kasance a cikin ƙananan lambobi a cikin tsofaffi.
- Hormones: Hakanan jikin na canzawa yayin da muka tsufa, yana haifar da sauye-sauye a tsarin tsarin kwayoyin da sauran ayyuka.
Tsarin Jiki
Yayin da muka tsufa, ƙwayoyin jikin mu da sauran tsarin suna canzawa. Wadannan canje-canje canza yanayinmu zuwa cututtuka daban-daban. Masu bincike suna fara fahimtar hanyoyin da ke haifar da canje-canje a tsawon lokaci a cikin tsarin jikinmu. Fahimtar waɗannan matakai yana da muhimmanci saboda yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na tsufa sun fara lura a cikin tsarin mu. Ga taƙaitacciyar taƙaitaccen bayani game da yadda tsarin tsarin jiki yake da shekaru:
- Zuciyar zuciya: Zuciyar zuciya tana karami da shekaru a matsayin amsa ga thickening na arteries. Wannan ƙananan zuciya yana da ƙananan ƙimar famfo.
- Tsarin Kwayoyin Tsuntsaye: Rashin ƙwayar T yana da tsayi don sake yin tsofaffi a cikin tsofaffi da kuma ikon yin aiki da ƙaddara.
- Arteries da Tsufa: Arteries sukan saba da shekaru, yana sa ya fi wuya ga zuciya don zub da jini ta wurinsu.
- Ƙunƙarar daji: Matsakaicin iyakar huhu zai iya rage kamar kashi 40 cikin shekaru 20 zuwa 70.
- Jijiyar ƙwararriya: Kamar yadda kwakwalwa ta tsufa, wasu daga cikin haɗin tsakanin igiyoyi suna neman su rage ko rashin lafiya. Wannan ba a fahimta ba tukuna.
- Koda Kuruwa: Kodan sun zama marasa lafiya a tsaftace tsafta daga jiki.
- Maganin ƙwaƙwalwa da ƙwayar cuta : Ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙwayar mafitsara da kuma kyallen takalma na iya haifarwa, haifar da rashin daidaituwa.
- Jiki Jara da Yara: Jiki yana kara har zuwa tsakiyar shekaru sannan nauyin ya fara karuwa. Kaman jiki yana motsawa cikin jiki kamar yadda muka tsufa.
- Maganin tsohuwar ƙwayar: Sautin murya ya ragu game da kashi 22 cikin dari na shekaru 70, kodayake motsa jiki zai iya rage wannan karuwar.
- Yayi Kuturuwa: Tun yana da shekaru 35, ƙasusuwanmu sun fara rasa nauyi. Tafiya, gudu da juriya na iya rage wannan tsari.
- Mai gani da tsufa: Farawa a cikin 40s, wahalar ganin cikakken zane-zane zai fara.
- Sauran kunne da tsufa : Yayin da mutane suke da shekaru, ikon iya jin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan yana ƙin.
Abubuwan Tawuya
Labarin mai dadi shi ne cewa yawancin wadannan dalilai na tsufa za a iya canzawa ta hanyar halinku:
- Ta hanyar cin abincin da ke dauke da antioxidants , zaka iya rage lalacewa ta hanyar free radicals.
- Ta hanyar yin amfani, zaku iya ƙuntata lalacewa da tsoka.
- Ta hanyar ajiye ƙananan cholesterol , zaka iya jinkirin ƙarfafa jigilar ka da kuma kare zuciyarka.
- Ta hanyar yin haɓaka ta jiki, zaku iya cike kwakwalwar ku.
An kuma nuna alamun yanayin rayuwa don ƙara rayuwa. Rats da mice a kan calories ƙuntata rage cin abinci (30% m calories kullum) rayuwa har zuwa kashi 40 ya fi tsayi. Har ila yau, an nuna kyakkyawan tunani don ƙara rayuwar mutane har zuwa shekaru 7.5.
Source:
> Ƙararriya A karkashin Sashin Ayyuka; Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Ƙasashen Nahiyar, Cibiyoyin Kasa > na > Yara.