Maganar Tumor Suppressor - Function, Abnormalities, da Matsayi a Ciwon Cutar
Mene ne kwayoyin cututtuka na tumo? Yaya wadannan bambance-bambance daban-daban, kuma wane rawa suke takawa a ci gaban ciwon daji da ciwon daji?
Ma'anar: Tumakin Suppressor Genes
Magunguna masu tsinke na tumor su ne kwayoyin halittar da ke tsara karuwar kwayoyin halitta. Lokacin da wadannan kwayoyin suke aiki sosai, zasu iya hana kuma hana ci gaban ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyi.
Lokacin da kwayoyin cututtukan tumuttuka suka canza ko rashin aiki (saboda maye gurbi), sun rasa ikon yin amfani da sinadaran da ke sarrafa kwayar halitta.
Sannan kwayoyin zasu iya girma ba tare da kariya ba kuma suna ci gaba da zama cikin ciwon daji.
Nau'ikan Tumo Suppressor Genes
Akwai nau'o'i daban-daban guda uku na masu ciwon tumo.
- Wani abu yana gaya wa sel don ragewa da tsayar da rabawa.
- Wani nau'in yana da alhakin gyaran haɗi a cikin DNA wanda zai iya faruwa yayin da kwayoyin ke raba (DNA gyara gwiwar.)
- Nau'in na uku yana da alhakin gayawa kwayoyin lokacin da ya mutu, tsari wanda ake kira apoptosis ko kuma ya tsara kwayar mutuwa.
Yawanci zuwa Driving - Tumor Suppressor Genes ne Brakes
Tare da duk labarai game da immunotherapy , da kuma sauraren raguwa da raguwa game da "kashewa da kashewa" da ciwon daji, zai iya taimakawa sosai, a hankali, tunanin kwayoyin a matsayin mota. A cikin kowane tantanin halitta, akwai hanzari da damuwa. A cikin motoci na al'ada, duka suna aiki lafiya. Matakan da yawa sun tabbata sun tsaya a ma'auni don haka motar ta motsa tare akai-akai, amma ba ya haddasawa.
Ciwon ta fara tare da jerin maye gurbin. Wasu maye gurbin ba babban abu ba ne - muna nuna su a matsayin fasinjojin fasinjoji.
Matsalar matsalar ita ce abin da ya ƙunshi direba. Mai direba na iya yanke shawarar yin sauri ko jinkirin. Kuna iya jin waɗannan abubuwa kamar "direban direbobi" ba saboda suna motsa mota ba, amma saboda suna kullin ci gaban kwayoyin cutar ciwon daji.
Ciwon daji zai iya dangantaka da matsaloli tare da ko dai mai haɓaka ko ƙwaƙwalwa, amma yawanci, lalata kwayoyin halittar dake sarrafa duka biyu ana buƙata don haifar da ciwon daji.
Gaskiyar cewa ciwon daji yana buƙatar sauye-sauye daban-daban yana daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa ciwon daji yafi kowa a cikin tsofaffi.
Abubuwan da aka samo asali sune, a cikin misali, kwayoyin da ke kula da ƙwararrun. Kalmar ma'anar ƙwayoyin halitta tana nufin ma'anar "kwayar cutar ciwon daji."
Kwayoyin murfin tumor , wanda ya bambanta da oncogenes, su ne ƙuƙwalwa. Kwayoyin murfin tumor suna aiki kamar tsari. Sun ƙayyade sunadarin sunadarai wanda ke da alhakin fita da bugawa ƙuƙwalwa.
Mafi yawan lokutan tantanin tantanin halitta ya zama ciwon daji, yana buƙatar maye gurbi a cikin dukkanin kwayoyin halittu da kwayar cutar tumo. A wasu kalmomi, dole ne a danne mai haɓaka zuwa kasa kuma sannu-sannu na da rashin aiki.
Oncogenes vs Tumor Suppressor Genes
Akwai bambanci da dama tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da kwayar cututtukan tumo a cikin ciwon daji. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwayoyi masu rinjaye suna rinjaye . A cikin jikinmu, muna da nau'i biyu na kowannensu chromosomes da kuma jinsin halittu guda biyu - daya daga iyayenmu daya. Yawancin lokaci idan kullin baya aiki sosai, ɗayan zai iya biya. Kuna iya ji labarin gado. Idan ka ji game da gadon launin ido, bambancin dake tsakanin yawancin kwayoyin halittu da kwayoyin cututtukan tumo suna da sauƙin ganewa. Kayan shafawa sun kasance masu rinjaye-kamar launin ruwan kasa.
Idan ko dai daga cikin kwayoyin halitta zai iya tura turaren ma wuya, zai iya taimakawa wajen ciwon daji. Kwayoyin gizon tumor, da bambanci, suna da mahimmanci . Wato, kamar yadda kake buƙatar cibiyoyin biyu don launin shudi don samun jariri mai launin shudi, dole ne dukkanin lalacewa guda biyu su lalace don taimakawa wajen ciwon daji.
Maganar Tumor Suppressor da Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwa - The "2 Hit Hypothesis"
Ƙin fahimtar yanayin da ake ciki na kwayar cutar tumo zai iya taimakawa wajen gane burin kwayoyin halitta da cutar.
Misali ita ce kwayoyin karewa masu ƙwayar tumuttuka BRCA1 / BRCA2 - wanda aka sani da "kwayoyin cutar ciwon nono." Mutanen da suke da maye gurbi a cikin daya daga cikin wadannan kwayoyin suna da haɓaka mai yawa na bunkasa ciwon nono (a tsakanin wasu.) Amma duk da haka ba duk wanda ke dauke da kwayar halitta zai haifar da ciwon nono ba.
Lokacin da kashi na biyu wanda ba a canzawa ba ya canzawa, maye gurbi, ma'anar maye gurbin da ke faruwa bayan haihuwar, ciwon daji zai iya haifar.
Wannan yanayin da yake faruwa shine abin da ake kira idan kun ji labarin "2 hypothesis" na ciwon daji. Wasu cututtuka sun fara (a kalla a ƙarshen ƙarancin tumo, amma ka tuna cewa sau da yawa wani maye gurbin magungunan kuma yana da mahimmanci) bayan maye gurbi biyu a cikin wani nau'i mai ƙwayar tumo. Matsayi na farko zai iya kasancewa daga haihuwa, wanda aka sani da "maye gurbin kwayar." Na biyu, "maye gurbi" yana samuwa da kuma alaka da wani abu a cikin yanayi bayan haihuwa.
Tarihi
An gano ainihin kwayoyin cutar tumor a cikin yara da retinoblastoma. A cikin retinoblastoma, da bambanci, gwargwadon ƙwayar ciwon daji wanda aka gaji shi ne rinjaye - saboda haka ya ba da damar likita su ci gaba a kananan yara.
Tumau Suppressor Genes
A yanzu an riga an gano nau'in kwayar cutar tumo da dama. Wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da:
- RB - Gwargwadon gwargwadon rahotanni wanda ke da alhakin retinoblastoma
- Kwayoyin p53 - Lambobin p53 na p53 mai gina jiki wanda ke sarrafa tsarin gyara a cikin kwayoyin halitta. Hanyoyin da ke cikin wannan jigon suna ɗauke da kimanin kashi 50 na magunguna.
- B RCA1 / BRCA2 - Wadannan kwayoyin suna da alhakin kashi 5 zuwa kashi 10 cikin dari na ciwon nono. ( BRCA2 tana da nasaba da kara yawan ƙwayar cutar kanjamau a cikin mata .)
- Kwayoyin APC - Wadannan kwayoyin suna hade da haɗarin ciwon ciwon ciwon daji a cikin mutane da iyalin adenomatous polyposis.
Me yasa Ciwon Cutar Canke Ba Kullum Yi aiki ba
Gano magungunan ƙwayar tumakin zai iya taimakawa wajen bayyana dalilin da yasa hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, irin su chemotherapy, ba maganin ciwon daji ba ne gaba daya. Wasu maganin ciwon daji suna aiki don tayar da kwayoyin halitta don kashe kansu. Tunda wasu kwayoyin cututtuka na tumo suna da hannu a aiwatar da apoptosis (mutuwar kwayar halitta) kwayoyin cutar ciwon daji bazai iya shiga ta hanyar apoptosis kamar sauran kwayoyin halitta ba.
Ƙarin Game da Ciwon Daji
Koyo game da kwayoyin cututtuka na tumo yana daya daga cikin fahimtar ci gaba da rayuwa ta ciwon daji. Koyi game da ainihin abin da ke dauke da kwayar cutar ciwon daji , da kuma yadda kwayoyin cututtuka suka bambanta da kwayoyin halitta .
Har ila yau Known As: antioncogene, asarar ayyuka kwayoyin
Misalan: Kwayoyin cuta masu yawa suna da nau'in kwayar cutar p53 a ciki. p53 shine nauyin karewa na tumo wanda ke da alhakin tabbatar da mutuwar kwayoyin halitta idan DNA ta lalace kuma ba za'a iya gyara (apoptosis) ba.
> Sources:
> Cibiyar Ciwon Ƙwayar Yammacin Amirka. Kayan shafawa da Tumor Suppressor Genes. Updated 06/25/14. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/geneticsandcancer/genesandcancer/genes-and-cancer-oncogenes-tumor-suppressor-genes