An Bayyana Harkokin Cutar HIV
Babu shakka cewa kwayoyi da ake amfani dasu don maganin cutar HIV sun ci gaba sosai a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Wannan hakika gaskiya ne idan aka kwatanta da tsofaffi tsofaffi wadanda ke da yawan ciwon haɗari kuma sun fi dacewa da ci gaban maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Abin da wasu ba su fahimta ba ne yadda yasa ilimin kimiyya ya zo tun shekarar 1996, lokacin da farko na maganin maganin miyagun kwayoyi ya sauya yanayin hanyar cutar.
Kafin shekarun 1996, yawancin rai na rai da ya kamu da shekaru 20 da haihuwa a cikin Amurka shine shekaru 17 kawai. A yau, sabuwar tsararrakiyar wariyar launin fata za ta iya samun damar rayuwa daidai da na yawan jama'a yayin da yake fariya da mummunar ilimin kwayoyi da kuma samar da jigilar kayan aiki kamar sau ɗaya a kwayoyi kowace rana.
Duk da haka, duk da wadannan ci gaba, kasa da rabin jama'ar Amirka suna karbar magani sun iya cimma burin farfadowa, saboda yafi dacewa da jima'i ko magance rashin lafiya.
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Shin Magungunan Tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire na gaba ne a kan cutar HIV?
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4 Gwaninta don Yarda Kwayoyin Rigarku na HIV
Bugu da ƙari game da duk da haka shine gaskiyar cewa, daga Amirka miliyan 1.2 da ke zaune tare da HIV a yau, a ko'ina tsakanin 20 zuwa 25 bisa dari ba a taɓa gano su ba.
Daga qarshe, maganin cutar HIV yafi kusan kwayoyi. Yana game da fahimtar yadda magungunan ke aiki da gano abin da kuke buƙatar yin a matsayin mutum don cimma sakamako mai kyau mafi kyau, ko kuna sabuwar kamuwa da cutar ko sake farawa tare da kulawa.
Mene ne kwayoyi ne?
An kirkiro HIV a matsayin retrovirus , ma'anar cewa yana sake juyawa zuwa yadda sauran ƙwayoyin cuta ke yi. Maimakon nada rubutun halittarta daga DNA zuwa RNA kamar yawan kwayoyin halittu, kwayar cutar HIV ta fassara ta daga RNA zuwa DNA.
Ta hanyar gano hanyoyin da kwayoyin HIV ke haifar da su, masana kimiyya sunyi amfani da kwayoyi wanda zasu iya katse wasu matakai a cikin tsarin rayuwa. Wadannan kwayoyi, wanda muke komawa da su kamar antiretrovirals , ana amfani da su don haɓaka hanyoyin magance cututtuka ta hanyar hoto ko bidiyo.
Yayinda yake da matukar tasiri, kwayoyi masu maganin rigakafi ba su kawar da cutar ba amma suna hana shi damar yin amfani da shi. Ta hanyar yin haka, tsarin na rigakafi ya kasance cikakke kuma ya fi iya magance cututtuka (wanda aka sani da cututtuka na opportunistic ) wanda zai iya tashi idan an kare matakan tsaro.
Yaya Yayi Ayyukan Antiretrovirals?
Harkokin maganin rigakafi yana aiki ta hana rigakafin cutar HIV daga maimaitawa a matakai masu mahimmanci a cikin rayuwarsa , kamar yadda aka tsara:
- Ƙungiya-matakin da HIV ke ɗaukar kansa zuwa cell cell
- Fusion-mataki inda kwayar cutar HIV ta fice ga membrane mai salula kuma ta ajiye kwayoyin halitta a cikin tantanin halitta
- Siffar rikice-rikice-matakin da aka sanya RNA mai bidiyo mai hoto a DNA
- Haɗuwa-mataki inda DNA ke dauke da kwayar cutar ta HIV a cikin mahaɗin cell cell din (ta yin amfani da enzyme mai haɗin gwiwa), ta yadda za a kawar da kayan aikin kwayoyin halitta
- Siffar rubutu-mataki lokacin da HIV ke amfani da wannan kayan don ƙirƙirar ginin ginin sabon ƙwayoyin cuta
- Ƙungiyar-mataki inda aka tara kwayar cuta ta ƙaura kuma ya koma zuwa saman tantanin mahaɗin
- Budding da maturation-mataki inda cutar ta fito daga cikin tantanin halitta ta hanyar amfani da protezy enzyme don ƙirƙirar cikakken ƙwayar cuta
Ta amfani da hade da kwayoyi (wanda ya hana kashi biyu ko fiye da raƙuman rayuwa), iyawar cutar ta HIV ta kusan ƙare, tare da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta kaɗan kawai zasu iya tserewa kuma suna gudana cikin yaduwar jini.
Ƙungiyoyin da ake amfani da kwayoyi
A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'i biyar na maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi, kowane ɗayan da aka tsara ta hanyar mataki na rayuwa da suke hanawa:
- Masu haɓaka ƙusa
- Tsarin magungunan transcriptase baya
- Ƙananan maɓallin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayoyin cuta ba a tsakiya ba
- Haɗa masu hanawa
- Masu hana masu tsaro
Daga cikin wadannan nau'o'i biyar, akwai maganganun maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin maganin kwayoyi.
Me ya sa haɗin haɗen haɗin gwiwa
Kwayar cutar HIV tana da nau'i mai nau'in kwayar cutar ta farko (wanda ake kira "nau'in nau'i na nau'i") tare da plethora na maye gurbin hoto , kowannensu tare da saitunan kwayoyin halitta da haɓaka. An yi amfani da farfadowa ta hanyar amfani da su kamar yadda yawancin waɗannan bambance-bambance zasu yiwu zuwa wani mahimmanci inda ake daukar nauyin hoto na kwayar cutar maras tabbas .
Idan aka yi amfani da shi a hade, magungunan antiretroviral suna aiki ne a matsayin "tag tag". Idan miyagun ƙwayoyi A, alal misali, ba zai iya kawar da bambancin ta hanyar ƙarfafa mataki a cikin rayuwa ba, to, miyagun ƙwayoyi B da C zasu iya cika aikin ta hanyar kai hare-hare na daban.
Yin amfani da gwajin gwaji na amfani da likitoci don taimakawa wajen gane nau'ikan da digiri na maye gurbin da ke cikin yawancin kabilu. Bisa ga sakamakon gwajin, za a iya magance magani don maganin da kwayoyi da aka tsara ba zai iya tasiri kawai ba amma zai shawo kan duk wani maye gurbin maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi wanda zai iya kasancewa a cikin yawan bidiyo.
Lokacin da za a fara Farfesa ta hanyar antiretroviral
A watan Mayu 2014, Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Amurka da Ayyukan Dan Adam (DHHS) sun sake nazarin jagorancin maganin HIV, suna bada shawarar aiwatar da farfadowa a duk manya da aka gano da kwayar cutar HIV, ba tare da la'akari da CD4 ba ko mataki na cutar .
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A baya, magani ne kawai aka bada shawarar idan adadin CD4 na mutum ya sauka a kasa da ƙofar 500 Kwayoyin / ML.
Shaidar DHHS ta goyan bayan shaidar cewa an fara jima'i tare da wasu sakamako mai kyau, wato:
- Raguwa a cikin hadarin cututtuka da ke dauke da HIV
- Raguwa cikin hadarin watsawa daga uwa zuwa yaro
- Ragewa cikin hadarin kwayar cutar HIV
Shawarar da aka bayar a baya ita ce shaidar da ta nuna cewa maganin rigakafi na iya rage cututtuka na mutumin da ke tare da kwayar cutar HIV, wata hanyar da aka sani da magani kamar rigakafi (ko TasP) . An kuma nuna cewa mutanen da aka ba da maganin cutar HIV a yanzu sune kashi 53 cikin 100 na iya haifar da rashin lafiya mai tsanani , da cutar HIV da kuma wadanda basu da cutar HIV.
Ya bambanta, gyaran maganin har sai yawan CD4 na mutum ya sauke ƙasa 200 (mataki na cututtukan da ake kira AIDS ) zai iya rage yawan rai ta tsawon shekaru 15.
Abin da kwayoyi ya kamata in fara da?
Yayinda jagororin kulawa zasu canza sau da yawa kuma ya tashi tare da saki sababbin kwayoyi ko bayanan kimiyya, masana kimiyya na yanzu suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da sababbin sababbin masu hadewa da magungunan analogues a farfadowa na farko.
Manufar hanyar farfadowa na farko ita ce ta tsara kwayoyi da zasu samar da mafi saurin lissafin jima'i, ƙananan cututtuka, kuma mafi haɗari na haɗari don ci gaba da maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi. A yau, yawancin magungunan miyagun ƙwayoyi suna samuwa a cikin kwayar guda daya, sau ɗaya nau'i-nau'i, wanda zai iya inganta ƙarfin mutum na kula da matakan biyan da ke da mahimmanci ga nasara.
Wannan yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda bincike na yanzu ya nuna cewa mutane a kan maganin bukatar kulawa fiye da kashi 90 cikin haɗin kai don cimma burin farfadowa mafi kyau.
Ƙara koyo game da shawarwarin maganin yanzu da Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Amurka da Ayyukan Dan Adam ke bayarwa ga manya da ke zaune tare da kwayar cutar HIV.
Mene ne Yake faruwa idan Gudanarwa ya kasa?
Idan aka dauka kamar yadda aka tsara, wajibi ne maganin magungunanka ya kamata ya zama cikakkun tasiri ga biyar, 10, ko ma shekaru 15. Wannan zai iya bambanta da mutum zuwa mutum, ba shakka, dangane da nau'in kwayar cutar wanda aka kamu da ita. Amma a kullum suna magana, tsawon lokacin magani yana da tasiri tare da adadin mutum wanda zai iya cimma.
Rashin ci gaba da sarrafa kwayar cutar ta ba da damar yaduwar cutar ta hanyar kyauta, bada maganin maye gurbin miyagun ƙwayoyi damar iya bunƙasa kuma ya zama maɓallin rinjaye . Lokacin da wannan ya faru, magani zai zama ƙasa da rashin inganci kuma ƙarshe ya daina aiki gaba ɗaya. Wannan shi ne sanadin rashin lafiya .
A wannan mataki, likitoci na buƙatar yin gwaje-gwaje na kwayoyin gwaji don gano yadda mahimmancin maganin miyagun kwayoyi yake. A wasu lokuta, juriya na iya rinjayar kawai daya ko biyu magunguna; a wasu, dukkanin nau'o'i na iya zama m. Dole ne magani ya bukaci a sake nazari don magance wadannan batutuwa yayin magance matsalolin da zai iya haifar da gazawar rashin lafiya a farkon wuri.
Ƙara koyo game da tukwici da kwarewa domin rike mafi dacewa ga maganin cutar HIV.
Me ya sa ba za a iya maganin cutar HIV ba?
Duk da yake antiretrovirals suna iya kawar da maganin maganin cututtuka, sun fara yin haka tare da kwayar cutar ta yaduwa a cikin jiki.
A cikin yawancin bidiyo mai yawan gaske, wani ɓangaren cutar, wanda ake kira provirus , yana iya sakawa cikin kwayoyin halitta da kyallen takalma na jikin da aka sani da tafki na latse . Maimakon canzawa da kuma fitowa daga kamuwa da kwayar cutar, HIV mai rarraba ta raba da kuma yin amfani da shi tare da tantanin tantanin halitta, wanda ba a iya sarrafa shi ba daga tsarin da ba a rigakafi ba. Zai iya zama a cikin wannan yanayin har tsawon shekaru har ma da shekarun da suka gabata, kawai don sake fitowa lokacin da aka dakatar da magani ko kuma ya tabbatar da rashin amfani.
Har sai masana kimiyya sun iya "buga" kwayar cutar daga wadannan boye na ɓoye, iyawar kowane wakili don kawar da kwayar cutar HIV gaba daya ba zai yiwu ba, idan ba zai yiwu ba.
Sources:
Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam (DHHS). " Sharuɗɗa don Amfani da Ma'aikata marasa lafiya a HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents." Rockville, Maryland; sabunta Yuli 14, 2016.
Hogg, R .; Althoff, K .; Samji, H .; et al. "Closing Gap: Ƙara cikin zaman rayuwa a tsakanin wadanda ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV a cikin Amurka da Kanada, 2000-2007." 7th Conference of AIDS Society (IAS) Conference on Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Yuni 30-Yuli 3, 2013; Abubuyar TUPE260.
Skarbinski, J. Furlow-Parmley, C .; da kuma Frazie, E. "Rahotanni na Ƙasa na Ƙididdigar yawan kwayoyin cutar HIV + da suka sami lafiyar likita, da aka tsara ART, da kuma Gudanar da maganin cututtuka - Dokar Kulawa na Lafiya, 2009 zuwa 2010-Amurka." Taro na 19 a kan Magungunan Tsarin Kasuwanci da Hanyoyi (CROI); Seattle, Washington; Maris 8, 2013; maganganun na baka # 138.
Kitahata, M .; Gange, S .; Ibrahim, A., et al. "Hanyoyin maganin cutar kanjamau na farko game da cutar kanjamau." New England Journal of Medicine. Afrilu 30, 2009; 360 (18): 1815-1826.
Sax, P .; Meyers, J. Mugavero, M., et al. "Tsayawa ga maganin maganin cutar da maganin cututtuka tare da hadarin rashin lafiya a tsakanin likitoci marasa lafiya a Amurka." Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kan Drug Far a cikin HIV Kamuwa. Nuwamba 8, 2010; Glasgow; Gabatarwa ta Bidiyo # 0113.