Masu bincike sun ware tsantsa tsire-tsire wanda ya fi "AZT"
Daga kwanakin farko na cutar ta HIV, masana kimiyya sun kalli amfani da tsire-tsire na shuka don magance cutar HIV . Yawancin karatun farko sun mayar da hankali akan abubuwan da ke kan wasu tsire-tsire, musamman ma su iya kashe kwayar cutar HIV yayin da suke da lafiya (ko akalla mafi aminci) don amfani da mutane.
A yau, yawancin bangarorin kimiyya sun kasance a tsakiya game da amfani da wasu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire don tsoma baki tare da ikon da HIV ke iya canzawa, kamar yadda magungunan antiretroviral ke aiki.
Wasu daga cikin wadannan bayanai sunyi amfani da su don tsararraki a al'adun gargajiya don magance cututtukan cututtuka da yanayin kiwon lafiya.
Duk da yake mafi yawan wa] annan karatun sun yi nasarar samun nasara, wata} ungiyar masu bincike daga Jami'ar Illinois dake Birnin Chicago, ta ce sun samu wata shuka, mai suna Justicia gendarussa, wanda ke iya hana HIV, a cikin maganganun su, "fiye da AZT . " An yi da'awar da'awar cewa AZT (wanda aka fi sani da Retrovir da zidovudine) ya kasance duniyar cutar HIV.
Amma shin wadannan ikirarin suna da tabbas, kuma, mafi mahimmanci, shin suna fassarar sabon tsarin "halitta" na maganin cutar HIV?
Wani ɗan gajeren tarihin tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire a cikin Rinjamau na HIV
Lokacin da aka gano cutar ta HIV, mutane da ke fama da kwayar cutar suna da 'yan kaɗan don maganin. A gaskiya, ba har zuwa watan Maris 1987-shekara biyar bayan an gano alamun farko na HIV - cewa an amince da AZT don amfani a magance cutar HIV.
Abin takaici, a matsayin farko da magani kawai, bai yi aiki ba sosai, kuma mutane za su jira wasu shekaru takwas kafin a yi amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na biyu, lamivudine (3TC), a 1995.
A cikin wannan shekara 13, mutane da yawa da kungiyoyin masu sayarwa marasa kula sun juya zuwa ga magungunan gargajiya don taimakawa AZT ko maganin cutar kanjamau a kansa ba tare da tsoron tsofaffin cututtuka ba.
Wasu daga cikin binciken da aka fi sani da su na farko sun fi mayar da hankali a kan wadannan magungunan, suna fatan za su iya "bunkasa" aikin mutum na rigakafi, hana cututtuka masu haɗari , ko kashe HIV kawai.
Wadannan sun haɗa da binciken da ke dauke da laetrile , wanda ake kira ciwon daji wanda aka samu daga bishiyoyi apricot, da melon Melanci mai suna ( Momordica charantia ), wadda wasu masana kimiyya suka nuna zai iya mayar da aikin rigakafi yayin yaduwar cutar HIV.
Duk da yake da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da aka yanke tsammani a kan wadannan abubuwa da sauran cututtuka na duniya, babu wanda ya nuna alamun da gaske kuma ya kasance da gaske cikin "duhu" ya haifar da kara yawan jama'a don neman magani, wani magani, wanda zai iya aiki.
Daga Magungunan Jama'a zuwa Cibiyar Nazari
A shekara ta 1996, ko da yake an fitar da kwayoyi masu mahimmanci kuma haɗin gwiwa sun fara sake dawowa da mutuwar cutar AIDS, mutane da yawa a cikin bincike sun ƙaddara don gano hanyoyin da za a iya canzawa zuwa wasu magungunan magunguna masu tsanani (irin su stavudine da didanosine) amfani da cutar HIV.
Yawancin wadannan ƙoƙarin da aka mayar da hankali akan nau'o'in tsire-tsire da tsire-tsire masu amfani da al'adun gargajiya, bincike da amincin su da kuma inganci a cikin tsarin bincike na asibiti.
Yawancin lokaci, sakamakon ya ragu.
Wani nazari kan magunguna na gargajiya na kasar Sin ya tabbatar da cewa babu wani maganin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen maganin cutar HIV (kamar jingyuankang da xiaomi) yana da tasiri a kan adadi na CD4 ko nauyin hoto (ko da yake wasu sun bayar da taimako ga ƙananan cututtuka kamar maganganu mai mahimmanci. ƙwaro mai rikitarwa).
Irin wannan binciken ya binciki amfani da dankalin Afrika ( Hypoxis hemerocallidea ) da kuma magani mai suna Sutherlandia frutescens, duka biyu sun amince da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu don magance cutar ta HIV. Ba wai kawai magunguna ba su yi aiki ba, an nuna musu cewa sunyi adawa da wasu magungunan da ake amfani dasu don magance cututtukan da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV kamar tarin fuka.
Duk da yake yana da sauƙi ka watsar da wadannan magunguna a matsayin "maganin gargajiya" (ko kuma kimiyya na contrarian), matsalolin da aka gudanar a binciken da aka shuka, wasu jayayya, ba su da zurfi fiye da wadanda aka gani a binciken kwayar cutar HIV da aka kashe biliyoyin da babu dan takarar da za a iya zuwa kwanan wata .
Tunanin Maganin Turawa
Hanyoyin binciken kwayoyin cutar HIV sun canza matukar samun damar samo kayan aikin kwayoyin da ba su da kimanin shekaru 20 da suka shude. A yau, muna da fahimtar mahimmanci game da magungunan kwayar cutar HIV-yadda ya yi maimaitawa, ta yadda yake haifar da - kuma zai iya gano ko wane matakan da muke bukata don katsewa don cutar da cutar.
Yawancin abu ne da aka yi amfani da shi tare da maganin rigakafin maganin rigakafi inda wata magani ta ketare tare da wani ƙananan enzyme da ake buƙata don kammala yaduwar cutar HIV . Ba tare da ikon yin wannan ba, HIV ba zai iya yadawa da kuma kamuwa da wasu kwayoyin halitta ba. Ta amfani da haɗuwa da kwayoyi - yayinda za a iya toshe kwayar halitta daban-muna iya kawar da cutar zuwa abin da ake kira matakan da ba a gane ba.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yawancin tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire sun iya canza wannan tsari, a kalla a cikin gwajin gwaji. Wasu daga cikinsu sun hada da Cistus incanus (ruwan horon dutse) da Pelargonium sidoides ( Geranium na Afirka ta kudu), duka biyu suna nuna cewa cutar HIV ba ta shiga cikin tantanin salula ba.
Yayinda aka samo asali kamar yadda duk wannan zai iya yi amfani da shi-ta amfani da geranium don magance cutar kanjamau - yana da samfurin wanda, a gaskiya, ya riga ya riga ya tabbatar da hujjoji game da cutar maras lafiya.
Cibiyar Binciken Cutar Masarar Tashin Daji Ta Yarda Da Bincike Game da HIV
Mafi yawan dalilai na binciken binciken da aka samu a yanzu shine kan hanyar ciwon zazzabin cizon sauro wanda ya samo asalinsa, masanin kimiyya na kasar Sin Tu YouYou, kyautar Nobel a Medicine a shekarar 2015.
Sakamakon ya samo asali ne akan binciken da ake kira Artemesia annua (sweet wormwood) wanda aka yi amfani dashi tun daga karni na 11. A farkon shekarun 1970s, Tu YouYou da abokan aikinsa sun fara nazarin sakamakon shuka (wanda aka sani da suna qinghao) a cikin cutar malaria.
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, masana kimiyya sun iya sassaukar da samfurin zuwa wani fili da ake kira artemisinin wanda a yau shine magani mafi kyawun zabi idan aka yi amfani da shi a hade. Artemisinin ba wai kawai an nuna shi ya shafe kashi 96 cikin 100 na kwayar cutar mai magungunan magani ba, an ba shi kyauta tare da ceton miliyoyin rayuka wanda zai iya cutar da cutar.
Magunin ƙwayar magunguna yana tabbatar da "mafi alhẽri daga AZT"
Gudun kan alkawarin da aka samu na irin wannan artemisinin, ƙungiyar masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar Illinois a Chicago, Jami'ar Baptist Baptist Hong Kong, da Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha na Vietnam ta Vietnam sun fara kokarin taimakawa wajen duba nauyin albarkatun ruwa fiye da 4,500, suna nazarin su tasirin cutar HIV, tarin fuka, malaria, da ciwon daji.
Daga cikin wadannan 'yan takarar, an samo wani samfurin da aka samu daga Justicia gendarussa (willow-leaf leaf justicia). Tsarkakewa daga tsantsa ya haifar da haɓaka a fili wanda aka sani da patentiflorin A wanda, a cikin gwajin gwaji, ya iya toshe wannan enzyme (baya transcriptase) a matsayin AZT.
A gaskiya, bisa ga binciken, ya iya inganta ayyukan AZT a hanyoyi da yawa:
- Patentiflorin A ya fi dacewa wajen hana rikici cikin kwayar cutar HIV. AZT, ta kwatanta, yana da ƙananan bayanan juriya, ma'ana cewa wasu daga cikin maye gurbin kwayar cutar HIV na iya sa kwayar cutar ba ta amfani. Kamar yadda irin wannan, patentiflorin A zai yi alama yana da kyakkyawan furofayil
- Patentiflorin A iya yin haka a cikin macrophages , jinin fararen jini wanda ke kasancewa a matsayin tsaron farko na jiki. Wannan yana da mahimmanci saboda macrophages su ne kwayoyin da ke kama da kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa gameda hanyoyi na lymph don neutralization. Tare da HIV, wannan ba ya faru. Maimakon haka, kwayar cutar "ta juya ɗakunan" kuma tana haddasa kwayoyin halitta (wanda ake kira T cell lymphocytes ) wanda ke nufin taimaka musu wajen hallaka su. Ana nuna cewa ta hanyar kawar da cutar a farkon kamuwa da cuta-kuma a cikin macrophages da kansu - yana iya yiwuwa ya kawar da kamuwa da shi gaba daya.
Akalla haka shine yadda ake karantawa a cikin gwajin gwaji.
Muhimmiyar Ganyayyaki ga Tattaunawa
Duk da yake babu shakka cewa patentiflorin A yana da muhimmanci, har ma da alamar alkawari, dan takarar don ci gaba da bincike, yana da wuya cewa sakamakon binciken gwajin gwajin ya kwatanta wadanda ke cikin gwaji. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da hujjar cewa patentiflorin A "mafi alhẽri daga AZT" na iya zama daidai, bazai zama daidai ba kamar yadda masu bincike (ko wasu a cikin kafofin watsa labarai) suke ba da shawara.
A gaskiya, AZT tsohuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi ne. Ita ne na farko daga cikin kwayoyi guda takwas a cikin kundinsa kuma wanda aka fizge shi da sababbin sababbin kwayoyi kamar tenofovir da abacavir. Kamar yadda irin wannan, ta amfani da AZT a matsayin ma'auni na kwatanta shi ne kamar kwatanta tsofaffin VW Beetle zuwa sabuwar VW. Dukansu suna aiki ne, amma ba dole ba ne ka kasance da hali mai kama da samfurin.
Kuma wannan shine ɓangare na batu. Daga karshe, makasudin kowace farfadowa na tushen shuka zai buƙaci cimma matsayi ɗaya na tasiri na matsayin takwaransa na asibiti ko kuma aƙalla haɓaka sakamako. Domin yin wannan, dan takarar dan adam kamar patentiflorin A dole ne ya shawo kan matsaloli masu mahimmanci:
- Dole ne a kai ga zubar da hankali a cikin jini. Bayan haka, abu daya ne kawai don nunawa sel zuwa wani fili a cikin gwajin gwaji; wani abu ne don ingest wannan fili kuma yana da isasshen sashi mai sassauka a cikin jini. Tun lokacin da ake fitar da tsire-tsire a jikin jiki sau da yawa, masana kimiyya zasu kirkiro wata hanyar da za ta iya samun nasara yayin da yake guje wa maye.
- Zai buƙatar samun damar ƙetare ƙwayoyin hanji. Yawancin tsire-tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna da ruwa mai narkewa kuma yana da matsala mai wuya ta tsallake murfin jikin mutum daga cikin hanji. Raƙan da aka rage ya fassara don rage yawan kwayoyin halitta (yawan ƙwayar miyagun ƙwayoyi yana shiga jini).
- Ya kamata a kiyaye shi a matakan da ke cikin jini. Magungunan kwayoyin cutar HIV ba su zama kamar antimalarials, wanda ke nufin kashe mutumin da za a yi tare da shi. Tare da cutar HIV, dole ne a kiyaye wani ƙwayar magungunan ƙwayoyi a kowane lokaci don ci gaba da kawar da cutar. Tun lokacin da aka fitar da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire a sauri, sun kasance masu saurin haɓaka wanda zai iya zama ba daidai ba ga HIV. Artemisinin, alal misali, yana da rabi na miyagun ƙwayoyi na sa'o'i biyu zuwa hudu ne kawai idan aka kwatanta da tenofovir wanda ke da rabi na tsawon sa'o'i 17 da kuma rabi na kwayoyin halitta har tsawon sa'o'i 50.
Duk da yake akwai wasu samfurori da dama masu bincike zasu iya amfani da su wajen shawo kan matsalolin maganin (irin su tsarin bayarwa na lipid), sai dai idan sun iya shawo kan matsalar rashin lafiyar kwayar cutar da aka gani a cikin kwayoyi masu tsire-tsire irin su artemisinin, ba za su iya zama wani abu ba wani farfadowa mai goyan baya.
Kalma Daga
Abin da ke haifar da kyakkyawan tsari na tsire-tsire a gare mu, akalla daga ra'ayi na ra'ayi, shine abubuwa ba kawai ba ne kawai ba amma an yi amfani dasu a cikin kwanciyar hankali. Amma har ila yau, ya nuna cewa maganin likitanci na kwayar cutar "mafi aminci" kuma kwayoyin cutar HIV sun fi "ƙari," kuma hakan ba haka ba ne.
Magungunan kwayar cutar HIV da muka yi amfani da su a yau ba su da tasirin su, amma suna da kyau ga wadanda suka gabata. Ba su da cikakkar damuwa, suna buƙatar kusan kwayar kwayar cutar guda ɗaya kuma basu da yawa ga juriya.
Saboda haka, yayinda za'ayi kokari don ci gaba da bincike kan kwayar cutar HIV, har yanzu akwai matukar damuwa kafin mu iya la'akari da zafin su na gaba.
> Sources:
> Helfer, M .; Koppensteiner, H .; Schneider, M .; et al. "Tushen Rubuce-tsire na Yanke Magunguna Pelargonium sidoides Yaya Mai Rinjayar HIV-1 Mai Shawagi Mai Maƙalli". PLoS Daya. Janairu 14, 2014; 9 (1): e87487.
> Zhang, H ;; Rumschlag-Booms, E; Guan, Y; et al. "Mai Rashin Magunguna na Cutar HIV-1 Drug-Resistant Da Aka gano daga Yankin Magunguna Justicia ne." Littafin Labaran Halitta . 2017; DOI: 10.1021 / acs.jnatprod.7b00004.
> Rebensburg, S .; Helfer, M .; Schneider, M .; et al. "Abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin cutar HIV da Filoviruses suna cike da sunadarai na asibiti." Rahoton Kimiyya. Fabrairu 2, 2016; 6: e20394.
> Wen, Z .; Liu, Y. Wang, J. et al. "Magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin don magance cutar HIV da AIDS." Maganin Shaida da Magunguna dabam-dabam. 2012; 2012: labarin 950757.
> Wilson, D .; Coggin, K ;; Williams, K .; et al. "Amfani da Sutherlandia da cututtuka da kwayar cutar HIV-Seropositive Afrika ta kudu Shugabannin : An Yi Magana Biyu da Bincike Masu Gudanar da Wurin Gidan Wuta." PLoS One. Yuli 17, 2015; 10 (7): e0128522.