Matakan goyon bayan Ƙunshe ne a cikin Masarrafan Authentic Spectrum
Kowane mutumin da ke da autism yana samun irin wannan ganewar: rashin lafiya irin na autism (ASD). Amma autism shine mummunar cuta, ma'ana mutum zai iya zama mai laushi, matsakaici, ko mai tsanani autistic. Abin da ya fi haka, yayin da kowa da kowa tare da autism yana da wasu magungunan bayyanar, mutane da yawa suna da ƙarin alamun alaƙa irin su rashin hankali ko harshe.
Don taimakawa likitoci (da sauransu) ya fi dacewa da bayanin mutum na autism, masu kirkirar manema labaru (DSM-5) suka samar da "matakan tallafi" uku. Ana sa ran likitoci su gwada mutanen da ke da autism a matakin 1, matakin 2, ko matakin 3. Wadannan matakan suna nuna ikon mutum don sadarwa, daidaitawa zuwa sababbin yanayi, fadada fiye da abubuwan da aka ƙuntata, da sarrafa rayuwar yau da kullum. Mutane a matsayi na 1 suna buƙatar tallafi kaɗan, yayin da mutane a matakin uku suna buƙatar goyon baya mai yawa.
Yayin da ra'ayin mahimmancin goyon bayan ASD ya sa ainihin ma'ana, ba sau da sauƙi ga likitoci su sanya matakin. Mene ne ƙari, aiki na matakan iya zama abu mai mahimmanci. Yana da mahimmanci ga mutum ya canza matakan a tsawon lokacin da ƙwarewarsu suka inganta da kuma sauran matsalolin (kamar tashin hankali).
Ta yaya aka gano Asirin Aiki na Autism tare da DSM-5?
DSM ita ce littafin da aka wallafa ta Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka wadda ta bayyana magunguna da ci gaba.
Duk da yake ba shi da wani doka, DSM yana da babbar tasiri akan yadda masu sayarwa, makarantu, da kuma sauran masu samar da sabis suna tunani da kuma bi da autism.
Har zuwa shekara ta 2013, DSM ta bayyana irin yadda autism ya zama cuta wanda ya hada da alamomi guda biyar. Asperger ciwo ne, ainihin, wani synonym for " high aiki autism ," yayin da autistic cuta kusan kusan wannan abu da " mai tsanani autism ." Mutane tare da PDD-NOS suna da wasu amma ba dukkanin alamun alamar autism (amma waɗannan alamun lafiya na iya zama mai sauƙi ko mai tsanani).
Sake ciwo da ciwo da rashin lafiya na X, rare cututtukan kwayoyin halitta, an kuma dauka su zama wani ɓangare na alamar autism.
Sa'an nan, a watan Mayun 2013, aka buga DSM-5. DSM-5, ba kamar DSM-IV ba, yana nufin autism a matsayin "nau'in bidiyon," tare da saitin sharuddan kwatanta alamun bayyanar a cikin sassan sadarwar zamantakewa , halayyar , sassauci, da jinin hankali Duk wanda aka riga an gano shi da daya daga cikin wadannan matsalolin sun kasance "babba" a cikin sabon tsarin rashin lafiya na autism. Wani sabon ganewar asali, matsalar sadarwar zamantakewa , an halicce su don rarraba mutane tare da sassaucin juyayi na alamomi irin su autism-like.
Matsayin Nasara Uku (Matsayin NAS 1, 2, da 3)
Tsarin autism yana da bambanci sosai kuma ya bambanta. Wasu mutane tare da autism suna da kyau yayin da wasu suna da rashin lafiya hankali. Wasu suna da matsala masu mahimmancin sadarwa yayin da wasu su ne marubuta da masu magana da jama'a.
Don magance wannan batu, ka'idodin binciken DSM-5 ya haɗa da "matakan aiki" guda uku, wanda aka ƙayyade kowane ɗayan bisa adadin "goyan baya" mutum yana buƙatar aiki a cikin jama'a. Ta hanyar samar da ganewar asali ta autism tare da matakin aiki, akalla a cikin ka'idar, ya kamata a zana cikakken hoto game da damar da bukatun mutum.
Ga matakan uku, kamar yadda aka bayyana a DSM:
Matsayin ASD Level 3: "Bukatar Tallafi Mai Taimako"
Kuskuren rashin daidaituwa a cikin maganganun sadarwa da zamantakewar zamantakewar jama'a suna haifar da mummunar lalacewa a aiki, ƙaddamar da hulɗar zamantakewar jama'a, da kuma ƙaramin taƙaitawa ga muryar zamantakewa daga wasu. Alal misali, mutumin da ƙananan kalmomi na magana mai mahimmanci wanda ke da wuya ya fara hulɗa da kuma, lokacin da yake, ya sa hanyoyi daban-daban don saduwa da bukatun kawai kuma yayi amsa ga kawai hanyoyin da ake fuskanta na zamantakewa.
Halin sauyi, halayya mai wuya da sauyawa, ko wasu ƙuntatawa / maimaita haɓakawa sun haɗu da aiki a duk wurare.
Babban matsala / wahala canza sauyewa ko aiki.
ASD Matsayi na 2: "Ƙa'idar Taimako na Musamman"
Alamar da aka lakafta a cikin maganganun sadarwa da rashin fahimtar sadarwar zamantakewa; matsalolin zamantakewa a fili ma tare da goyon baya a wuri; ƙaddamar da iyakancewar hulɗar zamantakewa; da kuma rage ko mawuyacin martani ga farfadowa na zamantakewa daga wasu. Alal misali, mutumin da yayi magana cikin kalmomi mai sauƙi, wanda yake hulɗar da shi don ƙwarewa na musamman, kuma wanda ya nuna cewa ba shi da dangantaka .
Halin sauyi na hali, wahalar wahalar da canji, ko wasu ƙuntatawa / maimaita halaye yana nunawa sau da yawa ga mai lura da hankali kuma ya tsoma baki tare da aiki a abubuwa masu yawa. Dama da / ko wahala canza saurin hankali ko aiki.
ASD Level 1: "Taimakon da ake Bukata"
Ba tare da tallafi a wuri ba, raguwa a cikin hanyar sadarwar jama'a yana haifar da lalacewa mara kyau. Difficile farawa da hulɗar zamantakewa da kuma bayyana misalan abubuwan da ba su da kyau ko mahimmancin amsawa ga abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar al'umma. Zai iya bayyana cewa sun rage sha'awa cikin hulɗar zamantakewa. Alal misali, mutumin da yake iya yin magana cikin cikakkun sakonni kuma yana cikin sadarwa amma wanda yake tattaunawa tare da wasu ya kasa, kuma ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin yin abokai yana da banƙyama kuma yawancin rashin nasara.
Halin sauyi na hali yakan haifar da tsangwama da aiki a cikin ɗaya ko fiye. Difficile sauyawa tsakanin ayyukan. Matsaloli na ƙungiyoyi da tsara tsarin 'yancin kai.
Menene Bacewa Daga Wadannan Matsayin Mata na ASD?
Kamar yadda ka rigaya ya rigaya ya fahimta, matakan "autism" guda uku suna tayar da tambayoyi da yawa kamar yadda suke amsawa. Misali:
- Wane nau'i ne na "goyan baya" da kungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Mutanen Amirka ta yi la'akari da lokacin da suka ci gaba da waɗannan matakan aikin? Taimako? Mataimakin mai kulawa na sirri? Aikin makarantar 1: 1? Kocin mai aiki? Wani mai ba da shawara na koleji?
- Wadanne yanayi ne mutane a matakan daban suke buƙatar "tallafawa?" Wasu mutanen da ke da autism sunyi kyau a gida amma suna buƙatar taimako a makaranta (inda ake buƙata takamaiman da tsanani). Sauran mutane tare da autism suna da kyau a makaranta amma suna buƙatar taimako a cikin zamantakewa da kuma aiki saituna.
- Wasu mutane tare da autism sun sami cikakkiyar farfadowa don su kasance kusa da na hali lokacin da mutum yayi la'akari da shi amma suna da matsala masu muhimmanci yayin hulɗa tare da takwarorinsu. Wani irin goyon bayan da zasu buƙaci?
- Shin matakan tallafi suna komawa baya, a kowace hanya, zuwa sabis? (Amsar, ya zuwa yanzu, ya zama "wani lokacin".)
- Raguwa shine nau'in al'ada tsakanin mutanen da ke aiki da autism, kuma wannan zai iya haifar da kalubale masu yawa a saitunan al'ada. Idan mutum yana da haske, magana, da kuma ilimin kimiyya - amma yana da damuwa da kuma tawayar, don haka yana bukatar taimako mai mahimmanci don aiki a aikin ko makaranta-inda ya dace cikin hoton?
Idan ka ga kanka da ɗan rikice game da sabon matakan aiki da inda kake ko danka ya dace, kai ba shakka ba ne kadai. A tsawon lokaci, kungiyoyi APA da kungiyoyin autism zasu tattara bayanai daga masu aiki, masu sayarwa, iyaye, da kuma masu neman kansu na autistic don su fahimci ko yadda sabuwar tsarin ke aiki. Akwai kyawawan dama cewa DSM-5.1 zai hada da canje-canje zuwa matakan aikin yayin da bayanin ya samuwa.
> Sources:
> Sanarwar Da Dokar Lissafi na Lafiran: DSM-5. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013. Print.
> Sarkin BH, Navot N, Bernier R, Webb SJ. Ɗaukaka akan ƙwarewar binciken a autism. Harkokin ra'ayi a halin yanzu . 2014; 27 (2): 105-109. Doi: 10.1097 / YCO.0000000000000040.
> Weitlauf AS, Gotham KO, Vehorn AC, Warren ZE. Rahoton Brief: DSM-5 "Matsayin Tallafawa:" A Sharhi game da Dalili Kwararrun Conceptualizations na Girma a ASD. Jaridar autism da kuma ci gaban ci gaban . 2014; 44 (2): 471-476. Doi: 10.1007 / s10803-013-1882-z.