A baya a shekarun 1990s, masu bincike sun fara ganin cewa yara da autism suna da ƙwayar daji fiye da wadanda ba tare da yanayin ba. Musamman, binciken da aka yi nazari na baya bayan yara masu shekaru 2 a shekarun haihuwa 4 sun nuna karuwar hali na kai da karfin kwakwalwa.
Bisa ga waɗannan abubuwan da aka lura, an yi zaton cewa ci gaban kwakwalwa zai iya amfani da shi a matsayin mai tantance halitta don ganewa autism a jarirai.
(A biomarker shi ne haɗar kalmomin "nazarin halittu" da "alamar alama" kuma yana nufin alamomi ko alamomi waɗanda za a iya auna su a cikin hanyoyi masu kyau da kuma reproducible.) Duk da haka, lokaci na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa da kuma dangantaka tsakanin wannan sabon abu da canji na hali hali na rashin lafiyar autism (ASD) ya kasance ba a sani ba.
Sabuwar bincike da aka buga a mujallolin Nature ya nuna cewa kwakwalwa yana canzawa zuwa kwakwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa tun daga farkon watanni 6 na yara a cikin yara da aka gano tare da autism. Wannan bincike ya nuna cewa samfurin bincike na farko (watau hoton jigilar haɗari mai kyau ko MRI ) a cikin yara a babban haɗari na tasowa autism zai iya taimakawa wajen hango ganewar makomar wannan yanayin.
Tashin hankali na Rashin Ƙari na Autism
Cutar rashin tausayi na Autism tana nufin fadi da kewayar maganin cututtuka, basira, da matakan nakasa. Ga wasu siffofi na alamun autism :
- Difficulty sadarwa tare da wasu
- Difficulty hulɗa tare da wasu
- Abubuwan iyakance ko ayyuka
- Ayyuka masu maimaitawa
- Abubuwan da suka shafi stereotyped
- Hankali da abubuwa ko sassan abubuwa
- Rashin lalacewa
- Dama a cikin idon ido-ido-fuska, fuska fuska, da kuma yanayin jiki
- Ƙin ganewa marar kyau ga yanayin mara kyau
- Difficulty tare da zamantakewa aiki, aiki, da kuma rayuwar mutum
Wadannan bayyanar cututtuka sun fara farawa a kusa da shekaru 2-kafin wannan lokaci, autism ba a tabbatar da shi ba. A wasu kalmomi, yara da suka ƙare da aka gano tare da ASD tsakanin shekaru 2 zuwa 3 basu saba da ASD kafin shekara ta farko na rayuwa ba.
Wasu mutane tare da autism suna fama da rashin lafiya, irin su wadanda suke tare da Asperger ciwo wanda aka kwatanta da su a matsayin "babban aiki." Wasu mutanen da ke da autism suna fama da rashin lafiya. Sashi ashirin da dari ko fiye na yara da autism suna ci gaba da rayuwa da wadataccen rai. Alamatattun alamu masu kyau sun hada da damar sadarwa ta hanyar magana ta shekaru biyar ko shida da basirar al'ada.
Ko da yake babu magani ko magani musamman don autism, wasu jiyya na iya taimakawa wajen inganta aiki da kuma magance bayyanar cututtuka. Jiyya yana buƙatar shigarwar da dama daga masu kwararru na kiwon lafiya da kuma mayar da hankali ga basirar zamantakewa, harshe, da kuma dacewa (taimakon kai).
Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC) sun kiyasta cewa an gano su a cikin yara 68 tare da ASD, kuma waɗannan yanayi suna shafi mutane daga dukan jinsi, kabilanci, da kuma zamantakewar zamantakewa. ASD yana da kusan sau 4.5 a cikin samari fiye da yadda yake cikin 'yan mata.
A cikin waɗannan yara a babban haɗari ko wadanda suke tare da tsofaffi tare da ASD, chances na tasowa yanayin zuwa daya zuwa biyar.
Kodayake wasu maye gurbi sun haɗa da ci gaba da autism, mafi yawancin abubuwan da ba za a iya gano su ba ne don gane abubuwan haɗarin kwayoyin ko wasu maye gurbin. Sakamakon haka, an yi amfani da kayan aikin bincike don ba da haske ga ASD.
Matsayi na Musamman na Farfesa na Farko a cikin ASD
A cikin nazarin halittu da aka ambata a sama, masu bincike sunyi amfani da MRI don duba lafiyar kananan jarirai masu ƙananan yara 106 na kwakwalwa. Wadannan jarirai masu haɗari suna da 'yan'uwan tsofaffi tare da ASD.
An jarraba jarirai a cikin kwanaki shida, 12, da 24. Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike sun yad da jariran yara 42 a cikin hadarin ASD.
An shafe shekaru goma sha biyar daga cikin jarirai masu haɗari masu ƙananan yara a asibiti tare da ASD a shekara biyu. A cikin waɗannan jarirai, kwakwalwa ya fara nunawa tsakanin 6 zuwa 12 watanni. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙwayoyin ta biyo baya tsakanin watanni 12 da 24. Mafi mahimmanci, masu bincike sun nuna cewa tsakanin shekarun 6 zuwa 12, akwai matakan haɓakawa na wurare masu tsabta da ke ciki da kuma cikin ƙananan ƙananan ƙafa, da kuma lobes na kwakwalwa. Girman cikewar yankin gefe yana da ma'auni na girman ɗakunan da ke cikin kwakwalwa. Sabili da haka, lobe yana cikin aiki na bayanai masu illa.
Wadannan canje-canje a cikin yanki na launi sun danganta da kwakwalwar baya bayanan da kuma rashin daidaituwa a cikin yara da aka gano tare da ASD a shekara biyu. Bugu da ƙari kuma, wannan tsari na karuwar haɓaka mai kama da na al'ada, kamar yadda aka saba da shi, ya karu a cikin yanayin da ake gani a cikin yara ba tare da autism ba.
A cewar masu bincike:
"Yanayin ƙaddamarwa da aka samo asali daga algorithms masu halayyar halayya yayin haifa ba su samar da cikakken isasshen ikon yin amfani da asibiti ba. Mun gano cewa wani algorithm mai zurfi na ilmantarwa wanda ke amfani da bayanan wuri daga kwakwalwa ta MRI a cikin shekaru 6 da 12 yana annabta kwatsam na watanni 24 na autism a cikin yara a babban haɗarin iyali don autism. "
Yin amfani da algorithm mai zurfi na ilmantarwa, masu bincike sun nuna cewa zasu iya hango asali a cikin 'ya'ya takwas daga cikin yara 10 a babban haɗarin wannan yanayin.
Abubuwa
Ba tare da wata shakka ba, sakamakon wannan nazari na kwakwalwa yana da ban sha'awa kuma yana iya canzawa game. Bugu da kari, a cewar masu bincike:
"Wannan binciken zai iya samun abubuwan da za a iya ganowa da kuma safarawa da wuri, da aka ba cewa wannan lokacin yana gab da ƙarfafa fasalin fasali na ASD da kuma zamanin da aka gano don ganewar asali. Sashe na ƙarshe na farkon da farkon shekaru na biyu na rayuwa yana da mafi girma akan filastin ƙananan zumunci game da shekaru masu zuwa kuma shine lokacin da ba a tabbatar da raguwar zamantakewar al'umma da autism ba. Yin maganin a wannan zamani zai iya tabbatar da ya fi dacewa fiye da baya a ci gaba. "
A wasu kalmomi, masu bincike sun nuna cewa algorithm zai iya taimakawa wajen ganowa da baya da kuma yin amfani da kananan yara a cikin haɗari masu yawa wanda zai iya tabbatar da inganci saboda kwakwalwar jaririn yafi dacewa kuma ya dace. Tun da farko shigarwa zai iya taimakawa masana kimiyya su fi gwada gwagwarmaya da kyau kuma su ga idan magani yana aiki da yawa a baya fiye da yadda ya yiwu.
A halin yanzu, ba a sani ba ko yin amfani da shi na farko zai iya inganta magungunan asibiti a cikin marasa lafiya da autism. Duk da haka, yawancin masana sun goyi bayan ra'ayin cewa irin wadannan shirye-shirye na farko sunyi magani duk da rashin bincike a fagen.
Hakanan, sakamakon daga jarrabawar Mutuwar Autism (PACT) - binciken mafi girma da kuma mafi tsawo na ayyukan autism har ya zuwa yau-goyon baya ga koyar da iyaye na yara tare da autism yadda za su yi hulɗa tare da 'ya'yansu yadda ya kamata su ba da amfani da za su iya ƙara tsawon shekaru.
Duk da haka, wa] annan ayyukan ha] in kai na mayar da hankali kan iyaye na yara da mabiya autism da ke da shekaru 2 zuwa 4 kuma ba 'ya'ya ba . Bugu da ƙari kuma, sakamakon wannan rikice-rikicen ya ragu a tsawon lokaci kuma yana da matukar damuwa. Maimakon rage damuwa, aikin na PACT ya rage yawan halayen sakewa da kuma ingantattun ƙwarewar sadarwa.
Ya kamata a lura cewa nazarin binciken kwakwalwa yana nazarin jariri a babban haɗarin bunkasa ASD kuma ba mafi girma yawan yara da ASD ba su da 'yan uwan da ke da yanayin. Duk da haka, wannan aikin yana samar da hujja game da manufar da za a iya amfani da shi a baya ga wasu masu haɗari ga ASD. Domin a yi amfani da ita ga yawancin jama'a, duk da haka, ci gaba da "girma-chart for kwakwalwa" wanda ke da amfani mai yawa zai zama daidai-wani abu da yake da nisa.
Bugu da ƙari, kafin waɗannan binciken sunyi amfani da asibiti, ana buƙatar yin nazari da yawa don tallafa wa waɗannan binciken. Bincike na gaba ya kamata kuma yayi la'akari da yiwuwar nazarin algorithm na yanzu da za'a iya hade tare da wasu nau'i na hangen nesa, ciki har da hali, ilimin lissafi, kwayoyin halitta, da kuma sauran siffofin hoto, irin su aikin MRI na kwakwalwa. Da bayanin kula, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, ba mu riga mun sake maye gurbin kwayoyin maye gurbin da ke da alhakin mafi yawancin lokuta na autism. Duk da haka, nazarin irin waɗannan kwayoyin halittu ya kasance wani bangare na bincike da sha'awa ga mutane da yawa.
A ƙarshe, bambance-bambance a cikin hanyoyin bincike na MRI da hanyoyin haɓaka bayanai zasu iya haifar da mahimmancin wannan binciken. A wasu kalmomi, masu binciken MRI sun bambanta kuma wadannan bambance-bambance zasu iya zama da wuya a sake yin amfani da mahimmanci, duk da haka muhimmanci, canje-canje da aka lura a binciken yanzu.
> Sources
> Callaway, E. Brain yayi la'akari da alamun autism a cikin yara masu haɗari. Yanayin: News & Comment. 2/15/2017.
> Hazlett, HC et al. Rahoton kwakwalwa na farko a jarirai a babban haɗari na rashin lafiyar mahaifa. Yanayi. 2017; 542: 348-351.
> Binciken Leidford, H. Autism ya samo asali na farko yana da tasiri mai dorewa. Yanayin: News & Comment. 10/25/2016.
> Pickles, A et al. Harkokin sadarwar zamantakewa na iyaye da ke da iyaye na yara ga 'yan yara da autism (PACT): Tsayawa na tsawon lokaci na gwaji mai sarrafawa. 2016; 388 (10059): 2501-2509.
> Volkmar FR. Babi na 34. Autism da cututtuka na ci gaba. A: Ebert MH, Loosen PT, Nurcombe B, Leckman JF. eds. CURRENT Diagnostic & Treatment: Psychiatry, 2th New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2008.