Mene Ne Glial Cells kuma Menene Suka Yi?

Sauran ƙwayoyin Brain

Kuna iya jin labarin "abin launin toka" na kwakwalwa, wanda ya hada da kwayoyin da ake kira neurons, amma wani ƙwayar ƙwayar kwakwalwa wanda ba a san shi ba shine abin da yake "farar fata." Wadannan ana kiran su kwayoyin mai yalwa.

Mene ne Glial Cells?

Asalin asali, ƙwayoyi masu kamala-wadanda ake kira glia ko neuroglia-sunyi imani kawai don samar da goyon bayan tsari. Kalmar "glia" a zahiri tana nufin "neural manne." Abubuwan da aka gano a baya kwanan nan, duk da haka, sun bayyana cewa suna yin kowane irin aiki a cikin kwakwalwa da jijiyoyin da ke gudana cikin jikinka. A sakamakon haka, bincike ya fashe kuma mun koyi abubuwa game da su. Duk da haka, yawanci ya bar su koya.

Irin Glial Cells

Mahimmanci, ƙwayoyin kullun suna samar da goyan baya ga masu amfani. Ka yi la'akari da su a matsayin tafkin sirri ga tsarin jin daɗinka, tare da ma'aikata da masu kulawa. Zai yiwu ba su yi manyan ayyuka ba, amma ba tare da su ba, waɗannan manyan ayyuka ba za su taba yin ba.

Kwayoyin Glial suna samuwa da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban, kowannensu yana aiki da wasu takamaiman ayyukan da ke kiyaye kwakwalwarka daidai-ko ba, idan kana da wata cuta da ke tasirin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta.

Cibiyar jin dadin ku (CNS) ta kunshi kwakwalwarku da jijiyoyin ku. Abubuwa biyar da suke cikin CNS sune:

• Astrocytes
• Oligodendrocytes
• Microglia
• Kwayoyin da suka dace
• Radial glia

Har ila yau, kuna da kwayoyin jini a cikin tsarin jinin ku na jiki (PNS), wanda ya ƙunshi jijiyoyi a cikin iyakokinku, daga kwakwalwa. Nau'o'i biyu na kwayoyin jini sune:

• Schwann sassan
• Kwayoyin Satellite

1 -

Astrocytes

Mafi yawan kwayoyin launin fata a cikin tsarin da ke tsakiya shine astrocyte, wanda ake kira astroglia. Sunan sunan "astro" saboda suna nufin gaskiyar cewa suna kama da taurari, tare da fitowar da ke faruwa a duk wurin.

Wasu, wanda ake kira protoplasmic astrocytes, suna da matakai mai zurfi tare da kuri'a da yawa. Sauran, wanda ake kira fibrous astrocytes na da dogon lokaci, waƙa da makamai wanda ya ragu sosai. An samo nau'i mai yaduwa a cikin mahaifa a cikin launin toka yayin da yawancin fibrous suna samuwa a cikin fata. Duk da waɗannan bambance-bambance, suna yin irin wannan ayyuka.

Astrocytes suna da manyan ayyuka, ciki har da:

• Samar da gurbin jini-kwakwalwa (BBB). BBB yana kama da tsarin tsaro mai tsanani, kawai barin abubuwa da ke cikin kwakwalwarka yayin da ke ajiye abubuwan da zasu iya zama cutarwa. Wannan tsarin tsaftacewa yana da muhimmanci don kiyaye kwakwalwarka lafiya.
• Daidaita da sunadarai a kusa da neurons. Hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar manzannin da aka kira neurotransmitters. Da zarar sunadarai ya aika da sakon zuwa salula, yana zaune a can har ya zuwa har sai astrocyte ta sake shi ta hanyar tsarin da ake kira reuptake . Tsarin sakewa shine manufa da magunguna masu yawa, ciki har da wadanda suka rage. Astrocytes kuma tsabtace abin da aka bari a baya lokacin da neuron ya mutu, da kuma excess potassium ions, wanda sunadarai da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikin nervous.
• Daidaita jini ya kwarara zuwa kwakwalwa. Don kwakwalwarka don sarrafa bayanai da kyau, yana bukatar wasu adadin jini zuwa kowane yankuna daban-daban. Yanki mai aiki yana samun fiye da wani aiki mara aiki.
• Aiki tare da aikin axons. Axons suna da dogon lokaci, kamar ɓangaren igiyoyi da ƙwayoyin jiki wadanda ke gudanar da wutar lantarki don aika saƙonni daga wannan cell zuwa wani.

Ƙararrakin ɓacin ƙwayoyin cuta yana iya haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin cututtukan neurodegenerative da yawa, ciki har da:

• Amyotrophic labaran sclerosis (ALS ko Lou Gehrig cutar)
• Huntington ta chorea
• Kwayar Parkinson

Hanyoyin dabba na cututtuka na astrocyte suna taimakawa masu bincike suyi koyo game da su tare da bege na gano sababbin hanyoyin da za su iya magance su.

2 -

Oligodendrocytes

Oligodendrocytes sun fito ne daga kwayoyin sassan jiki. Kalmar ta ƙunshi kalmomin Helenanci wanda, gaba daya, yana nufin "sassan da rassan da dama." Babban manufar su shine don taimakawa wajen yin bayani da sauri tare da axons.

Oligodendrocytes suna kama da spikey bukukuwa. A kan hanyoyi na spikes su ne fararen, m membranes cewa kunsa kewaye da axons a kan kwayoyin jikinsu. Manufar su shine samar da takarda mai tsaro, kamar murfin filastik akan na'urorin lantarki. Wannan Layer mai tsaro ana kiransa sheaths na myelin.

Ƙunƙarar ba ta ci gaba ba, ko da yake. Akwai rata tsakanin kowace membrane da ake kira "kumburi na Ranvier," kuma shi ne kumburi wanda ke taimakawa siginonin lantarki su yada ta dacewa tare da kwayoyin jikinsu. Wannan siginar yana motsawa daga kullin zuwa gaba, wanda zai kara yawan hawan ƙwayar jijiyar yayin da ya rage yawan makamashi da ake bukata don watsa shi. Sigina tare da jijiyoyi na iya tafiya da sauri kamar mil 200 na biyu.

A lokacin haihuwarka, kana da wasu ƙananan maƙalar da aka ƙera, kuma adadin su yana ci gaba har sai kun kasance kimanin shekaru 25 zuwa 30. An yi imanin cewa za a taka muhimmiyar rawa a hankali.

Oligodendrocytes kuma na samar da kwanciyar hankali da kuma ɗaukar makamashi daga jini zuwa jigon.

Kalmar "sheath" tana iya zama masani da ku saboda haɗuwa da ƙwayar sclerosis . A wannan cuta, an yi imanin cewa tsarin jiki na jiki yana kai hare hare ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda zai haifar da rashin jin dadi daga waɗannan ƙananan ƙwayoyin kuma ya hana aikin kwakwalwa. Raunuka na cututtuka na iya haifar da lalacewar ƙullun ƙwallon ƙafa.

Wasu cututtuka da suka gaskanta da cewa suna haɗuwa da dysfunction oligodendrocyte sun hada da:

• Leukodystrophies
• Tumors da ake kira oligodendrogliomas
• Schizophrenia
• Rashin lafiya

Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa mai yiwuwa a iya lalacewa ta hanyar masu amfani da kwayoyin halitta, wanda, tare da sauran ayyuka, yana ƙarfafa wurare na kwakwalwarka don haka za ka iya mayar da hankali da kuma koya sabon bayani. Duk da haka, a babban matakin, ana daukar glutamate wani "excitotoxin," wanda ke nufin cewa zai iya overstimulate sel har sai sun mutu.

3 -

Microglia

Kamar yadda sunansu ya nuna, microglia su ne ƙananan kwayoyin sel. Suna aiki ne kamar yadda tsarin kwakwalwa ta keɓaɓɓen kwakwalwa, wanda ya zama dole tun lokacin da BBB ke kwantar da kwakwalwa daga sauran jikinka.

Microglia suna faɗakarwa ga alamun rauni da cututtuka. Lokacin da suka gano shi, suna cajin su kuma suna kula da matsalar-ko yana nufin kawar da kullun matattu ko kuma kawar da wani guba ko fashogen.

Lokacin da suka amsa wani rauni, microglia zai sa kumburi ya zama wani ɓangare na aikin warkarwa. A wasu lokuta, irin su cutar Alzheimer , suna iya zama da karfin jiki kuma suna haifar da kumburi. Wannan ya yi imani ya kai ga amyloid plaques da sauran matsalolin da suka shafi cutar.

Tare da Alzheimer's, cututtuka da za a iya haɗuwa da ƙwayar cuta ta microglial sun hada da:

• Fibromyalgia
• Balajin neuropathic na kwanakin baya
• Harshen kamfanonin Autism
• Schizophrenia

An yi amfani da Microglia da ayyuka da yawa fiye da haka, ciki harda aikin cikin filayen ilimin ilmantarwa da kuma jagorantar ci gaba da kwakwalwa, inda suke da muhimmancin aikin gida.

Ƙwararmu ta kirkiro mai yawa tsakanin haɗin da ke ba su izinin yin bayani akai da baya. A gaskiya ma, kwakwalwa ta samar da yawa fiye da su fiye da yadda muke bukata, wanda ba shi da inganci. Microglia gano ƙwaƙwalwar da ba dole ba kuma "lalata" su, kamar yadda wani lambu ya saɗa bishiya don kiyaye shi lafiya.

Kamfanin bincike na Microglial ya ɓace a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wanda ya haifar da kara fahimtar matsayi a cikin lafiyar da cututtukan da ke cikin tsakiyar tsarin.

4 -

Tsarin Hanya

Kwayoyin halitta na musamman sune sananne ne don samar da wani membrane da ake kira ependyma, wanda yake shi ne fata na fata wanda yake rufe tsakiya na tsakiya da ƙananan hanyoyi na kwakwalwa. Suna kuma haifar da ruwan sanyi .

Kwayoyi masu tsada suna da ƙananan ƙananan kuma suna jingina tare don samar da membrane. A cikin ventricles, suna da nau'in, wanda yayi kama da gashin gashin tsuntsaye, wanda yunkuri ya fita don fitar da ruwa mai kwakwalwa.

Cerebrospinal fluid bada kayan lambu zuwa kuma kawar da kayan sharar gida daga kwakwalwa da kuma kashin baya. Har ila yau, yana aiki ne a matsayin kwantar da hankali da ƙwaƙwalwa a tsakanin kwakwalwa da kwanyarka. Yana da mahimmanci ga ƙin gida na kwakwalwarka, wanda ke nufin daidaita yanayin zazzabi da wasu siffofin da ke riƙe da shi yadda ya kamata.

Kwayoyin da ke cikin jiki suna cikin BBB.

5 -

Radial Glia

Radial glia an yarda su zama nau'i na kwayar sutura , ma'anar cewa suna kirkirar wasu kwayoyin halitta. A cikin kwakwalwa masu tasowa, su ne "iyaye" na mahaifa, astrocytes, da oligodendrocytes. Lokacin da kake tayi amfrayo, sun kuma samar da samfurori don samar da ƙananan igiyoyi, da godiya ga dogon igiya wanda ke jagorantar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta a cikin wuri kamar kwakwalwarka.

Matsayin su a matsayin kwayoyin halitta, musamman ma masu ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin hannu, sun sa su mayar da hankali ga bincike game da yadda za a gyara kwakwalwar kwakwalwa daga rashin lafiya ko rauni.

Daga baya a rayuwa, suna taka rawa a cikin neuroplasticity.

6 -

Schwann Cells

Ana kiran sunayen sassan Schwann ne ga likitan ilimin lissafi Theodor Schwann, wanda ya gano su. Suna aiki da yawa kamar oligodendrocytes a cikin cewa suna samar da ƙuƙwalfan sifa don axon, amma sun kasance a cikin tsarin jin dadin jiki (PNS) maimakon CNS.

Duk da haka, maimakon zama tsakiyar tantanin halitta tare da makamai masu kama da launi, ɓangarorin Schwann suna samar da kai tsaye a kusa da axon. Hatsunan Ranvier suna kwance tsakanin su, kamar dai yadda suke yi tsakanin membranes na oligodendrocytes, kuma suna taimakawa wajen maganin ciwon nasu a cikin hanya daya.

Sassan Schwann kuma suna cikin ɓangaren tsarin na PNS. Lokacin da lalata kwayar halitta ya lalace, suna da ikon su, da gaske, su ci gwargwadon ƙwayar daji kuma su samar da wata hanyar karewa don sabon samon don samar da shi.

Cututtuka da suka shafi sassan Schwann sun hada da:

• Guillain-Barre 'ciwo
• Cutar Charcot-Marie-Tooth
• Schwannomatosis
• Na'urar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ke haifar da polyneuropathy
• Kuturta

Mun riga mun yi bincike mai ban sha'awa a kan yaduwar kwayoyin Schwann don ciwon ciwon kashin baya da kuma sauran nau'ikan ciwon jiji na jiki.

Har ila yau, kwayoyin Schwann suna cikin wasu nau'i na ciwo na kullum. Rasuwar su bayan lalacewa ta jiki zai iya taimakawa wajen rashin aiki a cikin wani nau'i na ƙwayoyin jijiyoyin da ake kira masu ƙwayoyin cuta , wanda ke da ma'anar yanayi kamar zafi da sanyi.

7 -

Selin Satellite

Selin tauraron dan adam sun sami sunansu daga hanyar da suke kewaye da wasu igiyoyi, tare da wasu tauraron dan adam da ke kunshe da shinge kewaye da salon salula. Muna fara fara koyi game da waɗannan kwayoyin amma mutane da yawa masu bincike sun gaskata cewa suna kama da astrocytes.

Kwayoyin tauraron dan adam suna nufin daidaita ka'idar da ke kewaye da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, kiyaye magunguna a ma'auni.

Kayan da ke da ɓangaren tauraron dan adam sun hada da wani abu da ake kira gangila, wanda ke tattare da kwayoyin jikinsu a cikin tsarin kulawa mai zaman kanta da kuma tsarin ilimin kwayoyin halitta. Tsarin tsarin kulawa mai zaman kanta yana sarrafa tsarin jikinku, yayin da tsarin ku shine abin da ke ba ku damar ganin, ji, wari, taɓawa, da dandano.

Kwayoyin Satellite sun ba da abinci mai gina jiki ga neuron kuma suna karɓar nau'in ƙwayar ƙarfe mai nauyi, irin su mercury da gubar, don kiyaye su daga lalata kayan aiki.

Sun kuma yi imanin cewa zasu taimaka wajen kawo motoci masu yawa da wasu abubuwa, ciki har da:

• Glutamate
• GABA
• Norepinephrine
• Adenosine triphosphate
• Abu P
• Capsaicin
• Acetylcholine

Kamar microglia, tauraron dan adam suna ganowa da kuma magance rauni da ƙumburi. Duk da haka, ba'a fahimtar matakan da suke takawa wajen gyaran lalacewar lalata ba.

Kwayoyin tauraron dan adam suna hade da ciwo mai tsanani da ke ciwo da rauni na jiki, da lalacewa ta jiki, da kuma cigaba da ciwon zafi (hyperalgesia) wanda zai iya haifar da chemotherapy.

Kalma Daga

Mafi yawan abin da muka sani, munyi imani, ko kuma muna da tsammanin game da kwayoyin kullun shine sabon ilimin. Wadannan kwayoyin suna taimaka mana mu fahimci yadda kwakwalwa ke aiki da abin da ke gudana a yayin da abubuwa ba su aiki kamar yadda suka kamata.

Tabbatacce ne cewa muna da abubuwa da yawa don koyi game da glia, kuma muna iya samun sababbin jiyya ga cututtuka masu yawa kamar yadda ilimin mu na girma.

> Sources:

> Gosselin RD, Suter MR, Ji RR, Decosterd I. Kwayoyin Glial da ciwo na kullum. Neuroscientist. 2010 Oktoba; 16 (5): 519-31.

> Kriegstein A, Alvarez-Buylla A. Tsarin dabi'ar tarin kwayoyin halitta da kuma tsofaffin kwayoyin halitta. Binciken shekara na neuroscience. 2009; 32: 149-84.

> Ohara PT, Vit JP, Bhargava A, Jasmin L. Evidence don Matsayi na Connexin 43 a Mawuyacin Cutar ta Amfani da RNA Tsarin A Cikin Vivo. Jaridar neurophysiology. 2008 Dec; 100 (6): 3064-73.