Canjin zai iya yiwuwa ko da cutar maras tabbas
Idan kana kan maganin cutar kanjamau da kuma shan magungunanka kamar yadda aka tsara, zakuyi tunanin cewa hadarinku na yaduwar kwayar cutar zuwa wasu zai zama kasa, daidai?
A mafi yawan lokuta, za ku kasance daidai, amma akwai lokutta lokacin da mutane da ke dauke da kwayar cutar ta kwayar cutar a cikin jininsu ba zato ba tsammani sun gano cutar a cikin suturinsu ko ɓoye na hanji. Wannan wani abu ne wanda aka sani da zubar da hoto.
Yayinda muke yawanci zubar da zubar da ciki lokacin da ya faru a cikin sassan namiji ko na mace (zubar da jini), yana iya faruwa a bakin (zubar da jini).
Haɓakawa a aikace-aikacen bidiyo mai hoto-musamman a cikin maniyyi ko ɓoye na ɓoye-ya fassara zuwa mafi girma ga HIV wajen watsawa zuwa abokin tarayya marar lafiya.
Ta yaya Farawa ta Tsara Kasa yake faruwa?
A cikin maganganun kimiyya, kalmar "zubar" tana nufin tsarin da aka fitar da cutar, ko zubar, daga tantanin halitta wanda ya kamu da cutar. Biyu daga cikin hanyoyin da wannan zai faru shine ta hanyar matakai da aka sani da budding da apoptosis:
- Budding yana nufin wani mataki a cikin kwayar cutar ta HIV wadda cutar ta tasowa membrane daga tantanin halitta wanda ya kamu da shi don ƙirƙirar harsashin kansa. Zai iya toho daga masaukin a matsayin kwayar cutar mai yadawa.
- Apoptosis , wanda aka sani da tantanin halitta ya kashe kansa, shine tsarin inda kwayar halitta za ta kashe kansa lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin damuwa. A lokacin kamuwa da cutar ta jiki, apoptosis zai rushe kwayar cutar tareda tare da tantanin tantanin halitta. Amma tare da kwayar cutar HIV, kwayar cutar zata haifar da tantanin halitta a cikin apoptosis don sakin 'ya'yanta a wurare daban-daban.
Abin da babu waɗannan abubuwa ya bayyana dalilin da yasa zubar da cutar HIV zai iya faruwa a cikin sashin jiki amma ba a jini ba inda zai iya zama cikakke ba tare da wankewa ba.
Shaidu a yanzu yana nuna cewa abubuwa biyu zasu iya taimakawa ga wannan: bambancin kwayar cutar HIV a cikin jikin jikinmu da bambancin kwayoyin cutar HIV a cikin kyallen jikinmu.
Tsarin Gudanar da Harkokin Jiki na Yau da Cutar HIV
Daya daga cikin ayoyin farko da aka fara a shekarar 2000 ne lokacin da aka gano cewa cutar HIV ta iya bambanta daga wani ɓangare na jiki zuwa gaba. Bisa ga binciken da aka yi a cikin binciken da aka yi a kan nazarin Jirgin Lafiya na Magunguna (MACS), wasu mutane da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV sun nuna cewa suna da bambancin kwayar cutar a jini kuma wani a cikin jigon su.
Binciken ya ci gaba da nazarin dabi'u na zubar da ciki tsakanin masu bincike. A wasu lokuta, zubar yana ci gaba da gudana a cikin jini da na maniyyi. A wasu, yana da tsaka-tsakin kuma ya faru ne a cikin sashin jikin jini. A wasu har yanzu, babu zubar da komai.
Abin da aka gano wannan shine:
- Yaduwar cutar ta HIV tana iya fassarawa zuwa maganganun daban-daban na farfadowa.
- Zubar da kwayar cutar HIV na iya kasancewa yanayin da mutum yake da shi wanda aka tsara.
Daga cikin wadanda suke fuskantar zubar da jini, abubuwan da aka gano sun kasance masu zurfi. Daga cikin wadannan mutane, masu bincike na MACS sun lura cewa cututtuka na kwayoyin cutar gurasar karuwanci sun haɗa kai tare da spikes a aikace-aikace na kyamara a cikin maniyyi. Sunyi tsammanin cewa ciwon gurasar prostate (kwayar da take samar da maniyyi) ta haifar da zubar ta hanyar kunna ƙwayoyin ƙwayar dormant da aka saka a cikin kwayoyin glandon prostate da seminal vesicles.
Binciken na ƙarshe sun taimaka wa waɗannan binciken kuma sun nuna cewa zubar zai iya faruwa a matsayin sakamakon kai tsaye daga cututtuka da aka yi da jima'i (STIs) , cututtuka masu dangantaka, har ma da haila .
Amfani da kwayar cutar kwayar cutar HIV na iya zamawa cikin jini, takaddun shaida
Mun gwada jini don HIV ba saboda shine mafi kyau ma'auni ga kamuwa da cuta amma saboda yana samar da sauki mafi sauki idan aka kwatanta da, ka ce, ɓawon nama ko samfurori. Ba haka ba ce cewa ba wani ma'auni mai karfi ba ne-shi ne - amma ba dole ba ne mu samar da cikakken hoto a yadda yadda kwayoyin cutar kwayar cutar ta shiga cikin kwayoyin halitta daban-daban da kyallen jikinmu ba.
Mun sani da yawa, alal misali, cewa kwayoyi kamar zidovudine (AZT) suna iya haifar da kwakwalwa da ƙwayoyin asalinsu da yadda ya kamata kuma a mafi girma fiye da kusan sauran kwayoyin cutar HIV. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani dashi da yawa a cikin mutanen da ke dauke da ciwon sikila ta hanyar cututtuka na hanyar cutar da cutar.
Hakazalika, akwai ƙarin shaida da miyagun ƙwayoyi Truvada, lokacin da ake amfani dashi a matsayin rigakafin rigakafin ( wanda aka sani da PrEP ), ba ya shiga cikin jiki mai laushi kamar yadda yake cikin ɗita.
Binciken daga jami'ar North Carolina a Chapel Hill ya nuna cewa maida hankali na Truvada a cikin nau'in gyare-gyare na iya samar da kashi 90 cikin 100 na kariya tare da kawai biyu zuwa uku POD a kowace mako . Ya bambanta, ƙaddamar da Truvada a cikin nau'in nesa ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa, yana ba da kariya 70% kawai tare da kusa da cikakken daidaituwa yau da kullum.
Hakanan zai iya amfani sosai da sashin jikin namiji. Idan haka ne, yana yiwuwa cutar ta HIV zata iya kawar da cutar a wasu wurare a cikin jiki sai dai ya ragu cikin sashin jikin jini idan akwai kamuwa da cuta.
A wannan yanayin, an yi imani da cewa tsarin rigakafi zai iya zama maɗaukaka cewa zubar da jini a cikin maza da mata.
Yaya Tsarin Kayan Gida na Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kuskuren Shedding
Kasancewar kowane kamuwa da cuta zai kunna tsarin rigakafi. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, jiki zai amsa ta hanyar sakewa abubuwa a cikin jikin da ake kira cytokines wanda ke nuna alamar da kuma kai tsaye ga kwayoyin jikinsu zuwa asalin kamuwa da cuta. Yayinda wasu daga cikin wadannan cytokines zasu taimaka wajen yaki da cutar, wasu suna da rikici ta hanyar "farkawa" kwayar cutar HIV da aka ɓoye a cikin kwayoyin halitta daban daban da kuma kyallen jikin mutum.
Da aka sani da tafkiyoyin jiragen ruwa , wadannan hasns ɗin salula suna kiyaye cutar HIV ta hanyar kare lafiyar jiki. Sau da yawa a lokacin rashin lafiya, lokacin da aka kunna tsarin rigakafi, cewa cutar za ta fito fili ba zato ba tsammani. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa wasu mutane zasu iya zuwa shekaru ba tare da magani ba sannan kuma ba zato ba tsammani suna da wata babbar cuta tare da babban karu a cikin ayyukan hoto.
Irin wannan tsari ya yi amfani da ita ga zubar da jini na kwayar cutar HIV. A gaban kamuwa da cuta, ka ce wani STI ko prostatitis , tsarin na rigakafi zai saki jigilar cytokines na proinflammatory (nau'in haɗuwa da ƙonewa). Wannan mummunar fashewar ƙumburi da aka ƙaddamar yana da nasaba da haɓakawa ta hanyar ƙuƙwalwa.
Lokacin da wannan ya faru, kwayoyin jinin kariya masu kare (leukocytes) za su zubar da shafin yanar gizo na kamuwa da cuta. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan laukocyte, wanda ake kira CD-T-cell CD4 , ita ce babbar manufa ta HIV. Yayinda wadannan kwayoyin T suka kamu da su a farkon harin, kwayoyin hoto sun tashi har zuwa lokacin da ake fama da kamuwa da cutar a karkashin jagorancin.
Yana da lokacin wannan fashewar ayyukan bidiyo mai hoto wanda mutumin da ke kan maganin cutar HIV zai iya yiwuwa ya wuce cutar zuwa wasu. Yayinda kamfanonin hoto na iya karawa ta hanyar guda ɗaya kawai ko haka (tsalle daga, ce, 100 zuwa 1,000), yana iya zama isa don tallafawa kamuwa da cuta.
Kwayar cutar HIV a lokacin haila
Zubar da cutar ta HIV na iya haifar da haila. Duk da yake zubar bazai ƙara haɓaka yaduwar cutar ba daga mata a kan cutar HIV, zai iya cikin wadanda basu san yadda suke ba ko ba a bi su ba.
Wani binciken daga Jami'ar Kula da Lafiya da Kimiyya na Oregon (OSHU) ya bincika wata ƙungiya daga mata wadanda aka riga sun zubar da jini ta hanyar haifar da cutar ta hanyar cutar ta HSV-2 . (HSV-2, cutar da ke shafi kashi 67 cikin dari na yawan mutanen duniya, kuma an san shi ne ya haifar da zubar da ciki a cikin alamun bayyanar mata da mata masu haɗari .)
A cikin wannan rukuni na mata, zubar da kwayar cutar ta HIV ya sabawa a lokacin haila da kimanin kusan ninki takwas a cikin abin da ke dauke da kwayar cutar kamar yadda aka saba da shi. Wannan ya faru ne ko wata mace tana da alamun HSV-2 ko a'a. Duk da yake wannan karuwa bazai wakiltar da yawa a cikin mata ba tare da aikin kyakyawan ƙwayar cuta ba, an dauke shi da muhimmanci ga wadanda ke dauke da nauyin haya mai ɗorewa.
A cewar masu binciken, zubar da hoto ta hanyar bidiyo a lokacin haila yana iya haifar da karuwar kashi 65 cikin cutar HIV idan mace ba ta da kyau. Sabanin haka, maganin cutar HIV zai iya ragewa, ko da yake ba a share shi ba, haɗari ga abokiyar namiji mai cutar.
Kalma Daga
Tun lokacin gabatarwa na PrEP, mun ga digo mai amfani a cikin amfani da kwaroron roba. Wani bincike na Faransanci, a gaskiya, ya nuna cewa mafi yawan mutum ya ɗauki PrEP, ƙananan zai iya yin amfani da kwaroron roba (kashi 54 cikin 100 na iya zama daidai).
Duk da yake tasirin PrEP ba shakka ba ne, musamman ma a matsayin ma'aurata da maza a babban haɗari na kamuwa da cuta, kada ya bayar da shawarar cewa kwaroron roba ba su da muhimmanci fiye da yadda suke.
Daga qarshe, kowace cuta ta HIV ita ce sakamakon dalilai masu yawa, ciki har da, a tsakanin wadansu abubuwa, irin ayyukan jima'i da lafiyar lafiyar mutum marar lafiya. Koda koda adadin batutuwa na mutum mai cutar ya ragu, wasu dalilai zasu iya hawa daya a gaba na gaba don haɓakar haɗarin, wani lokaci mahimmanci.
Wani STI wanda ba a sani ba wanda ya haɗa tare da kwayar cutar kwayar jima'i tare da rawar jiki a cikin aikin hoto mai hoto shine wani lokaci yana buƙatar ya juya wani abu mai mahimmanci ga jima'i a cikin damar samun kamuwa da cuta.
Idan cikin shakka game da abokin auren ku, kuma idan kuna da jima'i masu yawa, kada ku dauki damar. Yi amfani da kwaroron roba da kowane kayan aiki na rigakafi don kare kanka da abokin tarayya.
> Sources:
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> Patel, E ;; Kirkpatrick, A ;; Grabowski, M .; et al. "Hanyoyin Cutar Gida na Penile da Rashin lafiyar kwayar cutar HIV. Ƙungiyar Infect Dis. 2017; 64 (6): 776-784.
> Spencer, L ;; Kiristoci, S .; Wang, C. "Harkokin Kasuwanci na Kwayoyin Kwayoyin cuta da Kwayoyin HIV da ke Sulhuntawa a cikin Harkokin Jima'i na Mata." Rajistar Jirgin Ƙunƙasar Ƙaƙwalwar Lalacewa. 2016; 71 (2): 155-162.
> Cottrell, M .; Yang, K .; Prince, H .; et al. "Fassara tasiri Truvada PrEP daftar dabaru tare da wani matsala PK-PD wanda ke kunshe da nama da ke aiki da matakan da ke da magungunan halittu (EN)." Cibiyar Nazarin Rigakafin Rigakafin HIV; Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu; Oktoba 28-31 2014; Maganganu na bakin ciki 22.06 LB.
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