Ra'ayoyin Maɗaukaki Masu Maganganu Ci gaba da Kalubalanci Masu bincike
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci ga magance ko ƙaddamar da maganin rigakafi mai kyau ga HIV shine babban bambancin kwayar cutar ta kanta. Duk da yake ƙwayoyin cuta da suke amfani da DNA guda biyu don yin amfani da su ba su da karfin hali, masu kama da kwayar cutar kamar HIV suna dawowa a cikin sake zagaye na yin amfani da su (ta amfani da RNA guda ɗaya) kuma basu da karfin kwanciyar hankali. A sakamakon haka, cutar HIV tana da matukar tasiri ga maye gurbin -a gaskiya, game sau sau sau sau da yawa fiye da kwayoyin da ke amfani da DNA.
Yayinda kwayar kwayar cutar ta bambanta da kuma irin wadannan nau'o'in viral sub-types suna wucewa daga mutum zuwa mutum, nau'in kwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da sababbin kwayoyin HIV. Yayinda yawancin wadannan matasan suka mutu, 'yan tsirarun sau da yawa suna nuna jituwa da cutar HIV kuma, a wasu lokuta, ci gaba da ci gaba da cutar.
Saboda haka bambancin HIV, sabili da haka, ya haifar da wani abu na "manufa mai motsi" ga masu bincike, tare da sababbin magunguna (hade da kwayoyin halitta) da zasu iya tsayayya ko gaba ɗaya su kauce wa ma'aikata. Wasu, kamar misalin A3 / 02 da masu bincike na Sweden suka gano a shekara ta 2013, suna iya ƙaddamar da kare lafiyar mutum ta hanyar rikici fiye da yadda aka sani.
Menene HIV-1 da HIV-2?
Akwai nau'i guda biyu na HIV: HIV-1 da HIV-2. Ana dauke da kwayar cutar HIV-1 a matsayin nau'i mai mahimmanci, wanda yake wakiltar yawancin cututtuka a duniya, yayin da kwayar cutar HIV-2 ba ta da yawanci kuma an mayar da hankali sosai a kasashen yamma da tsakiyar Afirka.
Yayin da waɗannan nau'ikan kwayoyin cutar ta HIV ke iya haifar da cutar AIDS , cutar HIV-2 tana da wahala sosai wajen watsawa da kuma kasa da kwayar cutar HIV-1.
A cikin kowane nau'i na wadannan kwayoyin cutar HIV akwai ƙungiyoyi masu yawa, subtypes ("clades"), da sub-subtypes. Babu shakka, wasu ƙananan cututtuka da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta za a gano a yayin da yaduwar cutar HIV ta ci gaba.
Ƙungiyoyin HIV-1 da Subtypes
HIV-1 ya kasu kashi hudu: Rukunin M (ma'ana "babban"); Ƙungiya ta (ma'anar "outlier," ko kuma bayan inda ake ganin sauran kungiyoyi); da kuma Rukunin N (ma'anar "wadanda ba M" da "wadanda ba O" ba); da rukunin P (ma'anar "ana jiran"). Kungiyoyi huɗun suna kunshe da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na simian guda hudu (SIV) da aka sani da za a wuce su daga wasu samari ko masarufi ga mutum.
Kungiyar HIV-1 M
Rukuni na HIV-1 M shine rukuni na farko da za'a gano kuma a yau yana wakiltar kimanin kashi 90% na kwayar cutar HIV a duk duniya kuma ana iya samuwa kusan a kowane ɓangare na duniya. A cikin wannan rukuni akwai 10 subtypes, wanda za a iya sasantawa da, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, rarraba gefen su da tasirin su a kan kungiyoyi daban-daban.
- Subtype A: gani a Afirka ta Yamma da kuma shafar ma'aurata da magungunan ƙwayoyi masu ƙwayoyi (IDU).
- Subtype B: ƙananan subtype a Turai, Amurka, Japan, Thailand da Ostiraliya, wakiltar kusan dukkanin kamuwa da cutar a Arewacin Amirka da kusan 80% na duka a Turai. Kwayoyin cuta na faruwa a cikin mafi yawan maza da suka yi jima'i da maza (MSM) da kuma IDUs fiye da maza da mata.
- Subtype C: wanda aka kwatanta a matsayin mafi yawan kwayar cutar HIV da ke wakiltar 48% na dukan cututtuka a dukan duniya, musamman ma namiji da mata da farko a kasashen Saharar Afirka, Indiya da sassa na kasar Sin.
- Subtype D: warewa musamman a Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka.
- Subtype E: wani sashi wanda aka gani kawai a wani nau'i mai mahimmanci tare da subtype A.
- Subtype F: daga cikin ƙananan cututtuka da aka gani a Afirka ta Tsakiya, Amurka ta Kudu da Turai.
- Subtype G: daga cikin ƙananan cututtuka da aka gani a sassa na Afirka da Turai.
- Subtype H: daga cikin ƙananan cututtuka da aka gani a tsakiyar Afirka.
- Subtype J: an lura a Arewa, tsakiya da yammacin Afirka, da Caribbean
- Subtype K: iyakance ga Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyar Congo (DRC) da Cameroon.
HIV-1 Rukuni na O
An gano kwayar cutar HIV-1 a 1990 kuma tana wakiltar kashi 1% kawai na cututtuka a duniya.
Wannan rukuni na HIV an ware shi a Kamaru da kasashen Afirka makwabta.
Rukunin HIV-1 N
An gano kwayar cutar ta HIV-1 a 1998 kuma, an sake gani a Cameroon tare da kasa da 20 da aka rubuta a yau.
Rukunin HIV-1 P
HIV-1 Rukuni na P yana da irin kwayar cutar HIV, wanda aka gano a wata mace daga Cameroon a shekara ta 2009. Zai iya bambanta daga sauran kamuwa da kwayar cutar ta HIV yayin da aka samo asali ta hanyar SIV da ke cikin gorillas yammacin. Kodayake an tsara "P" a matsayin wanda ya kasance yana jiran "tabbatarwa" (watau jiragen tabbatar da karin kamuwa da cutar), an gano wani abu na biyu a shekarar 2011 a wani mutumin Kamaru.
Kungiyoyin HIV-2
Kodayake an gano wasu kwayoyin cutar HIV-2 a wani wuri, ana ganin kusan cututtuka a Afirka kawai. A halin yanzu akwai kungiyoyi guda takwas na HIV-2, ko da yake kawai subtypes A da B ne kawai sun dauke da annoba. An yi imani da cewa cutar HIV-2 tana da nau'i nau'i daga nau'i na SIV wanda ke amfani da sogo mangabeys biri a kai tsaye ga mutane.
Sashe na HIV-2 A mafi yawancin ana gani a Afirka ta Yamma, kodayake tafiya ta duniya ya haifar da ƙananan litattafan da aka rubuta a Amurka, Turai, Brazil da Indiya. Ya bambanta, ana saran kamfanonin HIV-2 na B a wasu sassa na Yammacin Afrika.
Sources:
Sharp, P. da Hahn, B. "Tushen HIV da cutar AIDS." Cold Springs Harbour Watakila a Medicine. Satumba 2011; 1 (1): a006841.
Palm A .; Esbjörnsson, J .; Månsson, F .; et al. "Yunkuri da yawa ga cutar kanjamau da cutar AIDS a tsakanin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar da cutar HIV-1 A3 / CRF02_AG idan aka kwatanta da subtype A3." Jaridar cututtukan cututtuka. Maris 1, 2014; 209 (5): 721-728.
Vallari, A; Holzmayer, V .; Harris, B. et al. "Tabbatar da kamfanonin HIV-1 da ke cikin Kamaru." Journal of Virology. Fabrairu 2011; 85 (3): 1403-1407.
Abecasis, A .; Wensig, A; Paraskevis, D .; et al. "Sakamakon cututtuka na HIV-1 da alƙaluma na alƙaluma a cikin sababbin marasa lafiya a Turai suna nuna rashin lafiya sosai." Rikici. Janairu 14, 2013; 10: 7; Doi: 10.1186 / 1742-4690-10-7.