Ƙunƙasar Ƙarya ta Ƙarshe Mai Rikici Yayi Rayuwa da Mutum tare da HIV
Toxoplasmosis ne mai cutar parasitic ta hanyar protozoan Toxoplasma gondii ( T. gondii ). Yayin da yake rinjayar kwakwalwa (ƙwayar cuta ta ƙwayar cuta), an dauke shi da yanayin AIDS game da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka.
An kiyasta cewa a kusa da kashi 22 cikin dari na yawan jama'ar Amurka yana fama da T. gondii . Fiye da 200,000 lokuttan da aka ruwaito a kowace shekara, sakamakon mutuwar kusan mutane 750-shi ne karo na biyu mafi yawan sha'ani na cututtuka masu fama da cutar a bayan salmonella guba.
Hakan ya faru a Afirka, kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Latin Amurka, da kuma sassa na tsakiya da gabas ta Yammacin Turai na iya tafiya fiye da 50%.
Tun daga shekarun 1980s, an samu raguwa a tasirin T. gondii a Amurka, saboda yawancin canje-canje a cikin tsarin noma da kula da lafiyar abinci. Bugu da ƙari, haɗarin toxoplasmosis ya ragu a tsakanin mutanen da ke zaune tare da kwayar cutar HIV sakamakon sakamakon maganin cutar antiretroviral da kuma amfani da maganin prophylactic wanda zai iya hana ci gaba da kamuwa da cutar T. gondii .
Hanyoyin Transmission
T. gondii zai iya janyo hankalin halittu masu jin dadi, amma yana da yawa a cikin cats. Ana sauƙaƙe sauƙin aikawa ta hanyar:
- Hanyoyin hannu tare da saman ko abubuwa da aka gurbata tare da kaya ko kitty litter
- Cin nama T. gondii- nama
- Canji daga uwa zuwa yaro a lokacin daukar ciki
Ba a kula da shan taba ba a matsayin hanyar watsawa.
Kwayoyin cututtuka na Toxoplasmosis
A cikin mutane, yawancin cututtuka suna da matukar damuwa ko kuma suna tare da mummunan cututtuka, masu kamuwa da kamuwa da jini, sau da yawa tare da gland ( lymphadenopathy ). Duk da haka, ba tare da mutunta mutane ba-musamman masu kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV wadanda ke dauke da CD4 sunyi la'akari da kwayar cutar 100 kwayoyin cuta / μL zai iya zama mai tsanani ga mutuwa.
Idan aka bari ba tare da gurgunta ba, toxoplasmosis zai iya haifar da ƙananan ƙwayar cuta (ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa) da kuma lalacewar ciki. Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da juna shine maganganu da rashin matsala. A cikin cututtuka masu ci gaba, sutures, meningitis , magunguna, da kuma bayyanuwar hankulansu ana ganin su.
Toxoplasmosis zai iya haifar da lalacewa ga huhu, wanda zai haifar da mummunan cututtuka da kuma bayyanar cututtukan da basu da bambanci daga PCP ( pneumocystis pneumonia ). A lokuta masu tsanani, toxoplasmosis zai iya yadawa bayan kwakwalwa da kuma huhu don shafar hanta, ƙashin kashi da zuciya.
Toxoplasmosis a ciki
T. gondii zai iya haifar da lalacewa masu lalacewa ga ƙwararrun tayi, wanda yakan haifar da lalacewa ta jiki da ta jiki. Duk da yake mafi yawan jariran da ke dauke da kwayar cutar T. gondii zasu bayyana kamar yadda ya kamata, alamun cututtuka zasu iya samuwa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
Ɗaya daga cikin binciken da aka yi a baya ta hanyar Jami'ar West Western University ya nuna cewa, a cikin mata da ke da ciwon HIV, an samu sau uku a cikin hadarin watsawa daga mahaifi zuwa yaro.
Sanin asalin Toxoplasmosis
An gano asali na toxoplasmosis ta hanyar bita na fasali da cututtuka, tare da nazarin jini ko samfurori samfurori. A gwada gwajin kwayoyin da ake kira PCR (polymerase chain reaction) za a iya amfani dashi don gano gaban kwayoyin T. gondii a cikin jini ko sauran ruwan jiki.
(A yayin da kamuwa da cuta ta kwanan nan, PCR bazai iya gano kwayoyin T. gondii ba har tsawon makonni takwas.A lokacin wannan lokacin da ake kira window , ana iya buƙatar jerin PCR don tabbatar da kamuwa da cuta, yi akalla makonni uku baya.)
Yayinda yake dauke da kwakwalwar kwakwalwa a matsayin ƙin ganewar asibiti na toxoplasmosis, a cikin 'yan shekarun an maye gurbinsa ta hanyar haɗuwa ta MRI ko CT don tabbatar da ciwon kwakwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, sannan kuma ƙaddamar da gwajin PCR mafi rinjaye.
Jiyya na Toxoplasmosis
Ana bayar da shawarar maganin jiyya ga mutanen da ke dauke da cutar CD4 a cikin shekaru 200, lokacin da tsarin rigakafi ya kasa yin yaki.
A cikin waɗannan lokuta, Trimethoprin / sulfamethoxale (co-trimoxazole) yawanci shine miyagun ƙwayoyi na zabi don rigakafin prophylactic.
Don rashin lafiya, za a iya tsara wadannan kwayoyi:
- A hade da Daraprim (pyrimethamine) da sulfadiazine (magunguna masu sulfa), tare da acid folinic
- Clindamycin (kwayoyin da ake amfani dasu don magance cututtuka na kwayan cuta da kuma protozoan)
- Spiramycin (har yanzu ana daukar gwaji a Amurka, ko da yake ana iya samuwa ta hanyar izinin FDA ta musamman a farkon farkon shekaru uku na ciki)
- Mepron (atavaquone)
- Haɗin Clindamycin da Meprone
A shekara ta 2015, mai yin sana'ar miyagun ƙwayoyi Daraprim (Turing Pharmaceuticals) ya kasance cikin jayayya bayan Shugaba, Martin Shkreli, yayi ƙoƙarin tada farashin ta 5000%, daga $ 13.50 a kowace kwamfutar hannu zuwa $ 750 ta kwamfutar hannu.
Yin rigakafin T. gondii kamuwa da cuta
A cikin mummunar rigakafi wadanda aka kunshi mutane (CD4 ƙidaya na ƙasa da 100) ko mata masu juna biyu da HIV, ana iya ba da shawara na musamman don rage hadarin T. gondii kamuwa da cuta. Wadannan sun haɗa da:
- Samun wani canza kitty litter ko sanye da wasu safofin hannu lokacin da yin haka kanka. Yi wanke hannuwanka gaba daya, kuma kada ku ajiye akwatin ku cikin ko kusa da ɗakin. Idan za ta yiwu, kiyaye kumbun ku a gida.
- Abincin abinci a yanayin zafi, yayin da yake tabbatar da cewa nama ba ruwan hoda ba ne kuma wannan juices yana gudanawa. Kwafa da wanke 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari a duk lokacin da zai yiwu.
- Gyafofin safofin hannu a duk lokacin da aikin lambu ko aiki tare da ƙasa, wanke hannuwan ka da hannu idan ka gama.
Fassara: TOK-so-plas-MOE-sis
Sources:
Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC). "Toxoplasmosis (Ciwon Toxoplasma - Abin da ke faruwa a ilimin cututtuka da kuma cututtuka." Atlanta, Jojiya; Lafiya ta Duniya, Ra'ayin Ciwo na Lafiya da Malaria; Janairu 10, 2012.
Oksenhendler, E; Cadranel, J .; Sarfati, C .; et al. "Toxoplasma gondii yana ciwo cikin marasa lafiya tare da ciwon rashin lafiya na rashin lafiya." American Journal of Medicine. Mayu 1990; 88 (5): 18-21.
Rabaud, C .; May, T; Amiel, C .; et al. "Ƙananan toxoplasmosis a cikin marasa lafiya da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV. Magunguna. Nuwamba 1994; 73 (6): 306-314.
Oksenhendler, E; Cadranel, J .; Sarfati, C .; et al. "Toxoplasma gondii yana ciwo cikin marasa lafiya tare da ciwon rashin lafiya na rashin lafiya." American Journal of Medicine. Mayu 1990; 88 (5): 18-21.
Minkoff, H .; Remington, J. Holman, S .; et al. "Hanyoyin maganin cutar ƙwayar cutar ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cutar ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta." Jaridar American Journal of Obstetrics da Gynecology. Maris 1997; 176 (3): 555-9.