Ƙarawa a cikin Lifespan daga Tarihin Farko Ta Hanyar Yau
Har yaushe mutane suka rayu a baya? Kullum kuna ji labarin yawan mutanen da suka rayu daruruwan, har ma dubban shekaru da suka gabata. Shin kakanninmu sun mutu a lokacin da suka kai shekaru 30 zuwa 40? Ga ɗan takara a kan tarihin tarihi don taimaka maka ka fahimci yadda yanayin rayuwa da lifespans sun canza a tsawon lokaci.
Lifespan da. Life Expectancy
Maganar rayuwa ta rayuwa ita ce maƙasudin yawan mutanen duniya baki ɗaya, suna la'akari da duk ƙananan rayuka ga wannan ƙungiyar ta musamman. Lifespan shine ma'auni na ainihin tsawon rayuwar mutum. Duk da yake waɗannan kalmomi suna da sauƙi, rashin kayan tarihi da rubuce-rubuce sun sa ya zama ƙalubale ga masu bincike su ƙayyade yadda rayayyun halittu suka samo asali a tarihi.
Rayuwar Mutum na Farko
Har zuwa kwanan nan kwanan nan, ƙananan bayanai sun kasance game da tsawon lokacin da mutane suka riga sun rayu. Samun samun 'yan tsirarrun dan adam ya zama da wuya ga masana tarihi su kiyasta yawancin mutane. Masanan Farfesa Rachel Caspari da Sang-Hee Lee, na Jami'ar Tsakiyar Michigan da Jami'ar California a Riverside, sun zabi maimakon yin nazarin kwanakin shekarun da aka samu a kwararru da ke cikin gabas da kudancin Afirka, Turai, da kuma sauran wurare.
Bayan kwatanta rabon wadanda suka mutu tare da wadanda suka mutu a lokacin da suka tsufa, tawagar ta ce cewa tsawon lokaci ne kawai ya fara karuwa sosai-wato, ya wuce shekarun 30 ko kusan shekaru 30,000 da suka wuce, wanda ya wuce a cikin yaduwar juyin halittar mutum. A wata kasida da aka wallafa a 2011 a cikin Masanin kimiyya, Caspari ya kira motsi "juyin halitta na kakanin kakanni," kamar yadda ya kasance a farkon tarihin ɗan adam cewa shekaru uku zasu iya wanzu.
A cikin ƙarni na farko
Ƙididdigar rai na rayuwa wanda ke bayyana yawan jama'a a cikin duka yana shan wahala saboda rashin shaidar da aka tattara daga waɗannan lokuta. A cikin wani labari na 2010 wanda aka buga a cikin Kotun Cibiyar Nazarin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa da Masanin juyin halitta Caleb Finch ya bayyana yadda rayuwa ta kasance a cikin tsohuwar zamanin Girka da na Roman a kusan kimanin shekaru 20 zuwa 35, duk da yake yana makoki wadannan lambobin sun dogara akan " sanannun unrepresentative "gemar epitaphs da samfurori.
Gudun tafiya tare da lokaci na tarihin, Finch ya bada kalubalantar kalubalanci na raguwar tarihin tarihin tarihi da kuma haddasa mutuwar cikin wannan bayani. A matsayin wani bincike na bincike, shi da wasu masanan juyin halitta sun ba da shawara mai kyau da za a iya kwatanta bayanan alƙaluma daga masana'antar masana'antu Sweden (tsakiyar karni na 18) da kuma wasu al'ummomin zamani, ƙananan, masu farauta da masu tarawa a kasashe kamar Venezuela da Brazil.
Finch ya rubuta cewa yin la'akari da wannan bayanan babban mawuyacin mutuwar a farkon ƙarni na farko zai zama cututtuka, ko daga cututtuka ko cututtuka masu cutar da ke haifar da hatsari ko fada. Yanayin yanayin rayuwa ba tare da samun damar yin amfani da kiwon lafiya mai kyau ba game da yanayin rai zai iyakaci kimanin shekaru 35.
Rayuwar rai ce a lokacin haihuwar haihuwa , adadi wanda mace-mace-mace-mace ke haifarwa da mummunan rauni - a lokacin da ya kai kashi 30 cikin dari. Ba yana nufin cewa mutum mai rai a cikin shekara 1200 AD ya mutu a shekara 35. Maimakon haka, ga kowane yaron da ya mutu a jariri, wani mutum zai iya rayuwa don ganin ranar haihuwa ta 70. Yawan shekarun da suka kai kimanin 15 sun ci gaba da zama mummunan rauni, saboda godiya da cututtuka, cututtuka, da hatsarori. Mutanen da suka tsira daga wannan yanayin rayuwa mai tsanani zai iya sa shi tsufa.
Sauran cututtuka irin su kwalara , tarin fuka , da ƙananan cututtuka za su ci gaba da rage tsawon lokaci, amma babu wanda ya kasance a kan sikelin kamar yadda lalata annobar annoba a karni na 14.
Ƙungiyar Bincike ta Ƙarƙwarar ta ƙetare ta hanyar Asiya da Turai, kuma ta shafe kusan kashi uku na yawan jama'ar Turai, wanda zai canza yanayin rai na dan lokaci.
Daga 1800 zuwa Yau
Tun daga 1500 zuwa gaba, har zuwa shekara ta 1800, tsinkaye na rayuwa a cikin Turai ya kasance tsakanin shekaru 30 zuwa 40. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1800, Finch ya rubuta cewa zuwan rai a lokacin haihuwar ya ninka a cikin shekaru 10 kawai. Inganta kiwon lafiya, tsabtace jiki, rigakafin rigakafi, samun ruwa mai tsabta, kuma mafi yawan kayan abinci mai gina jiki duk suna karuwa tare da karuwa mai yawa.
Ko da yake yana da wuyar fahimta, likitoci sun fara yin wanka a kai a kai kafin a yi aiki a cikin karni na 1800. Kyakkyawar fahimtar tsabta da watsawa na microbes ya taimakawa ga lafiyar jama'a. Har yanzu cutar ta kasance ta kowa, duk da haka, kuma tana da tasirin rayuwa. Sauran ciwon sukari , typhoid , da kuma cututtuka irin su zafin rana da zazzabi da ƙwayar zazzaɓi sun kasance a kowacce lokacin a shekarun 1800.
Ko da yake kwanan nan tun 1921, ƙasashe kamar Kanada har yanzu suna da kashi 10 cikin 100 na mace mai mutuwa , wanda ma'anar daya daga cikin yara 10 bai tsira ba. A cewar Statistics Canada, wannan na nufin rai ko rai na rayuwa a cikin ƙasa wanda ya fi girma a lokacin haihuwa fiye da haihuwa-yanayin da ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon shekarun 1980.
A yau yawancin kasashe masu masana'antu suna alfahari da yawan rayuka na tsawon shekaru 75, kamar yadda hukumomin tsaro na Intelligence suka tattara.
Zuwa gaba
Wasu masu bincike sunyi faɗi cewa irin salon salon rayuwa kamar kiba zai dakatar da ko ma sake farfado da tarin rayuwa a karo na farko a tarihin zamani. Masana ilimin lissafi da masu bincike na gerontologist kamar S. Jay Olshanky yayi gargadin cewa a Amurka-inda kashi biyu cikin uku na yawan jama'a suna da kisa ko ƙananan hauka da kuma matsaloli, kamar ciwon sukari , zai iya rage yawan rai a kowane lokaci a cikin farkon rabin Karni na 21.
A halin yanzu, tashiwar rayuwa a yammacin yana kawo kyakkyawan labari da kyau - yana da kyau a rayuwa tsawon lokaci, amma yanzu yanzu ka zama mafi sauki ga irin cututtuka da suka faru yayin da kake tsufa. Wadannan cututtuka da suka shafi shekarun sun hada da cututtuka na jijiyoyin jini , wasu cututtuka, ciwon sukari, da nakasa .
Duk da yake suna iya rinjayar yawa da kuma rayuwa mai kyau, za'a iya hana wasu daga cikin waɗannan yanayi ko akalla jinkirta ta hanyar zaɓin salon rayuwa kamar bin wani ci gaba da tsufa , kiyaye nauyin lafiya, yin amfani akai akai akai kuma kiyaye jigilar damuwa kamar cortisol a bay.
Sources:
> Beltrán-Sanchez H, Crimmins EM, Finch CE. Rikuni na rukuni na farko ya sa ran yawan tsufa a cikin rukuni: nazarin tarihi. Littafin Labaran Rahoton Lafiya da Cututtuka . 2012; 3 (05): 380-386. Doi: 10.1017 / s2040174412000281.
> Ƙarfin Ƙasar: Rayuwa ta Rayuwa a Haihuwa. Kwamitin Ƙididdigar Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Amurka (CIA). https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html.
> Finch CE. Juyin Halittar dan Adam da cututtuka na tsufa: Rashin kamuwa da cuta, kumburi, da abinci. PNAS , Janairu 26, 2010, vol. 107, Shafuka 1718-1724.
> Kiwon Lafiya a Gina: Abubuwa a Rayuwa a Rayuwa a Haihuwa. Statistics Canada Fayil Bayani. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-624-x/2011001/article/11427-eng.htm
> Olshansky SJ, Carnes BA. "Lahira na ɗan adam tsawon rai," a cikin Handbook Handbook of Population Aging , ed Uhlenberg P., edita. (New York, NY: Springer;), 731-745. 2009.