Fahimtar tsarin tsarin bazawar

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Fahimtar Amsar Ba da daɗi

Tare da aikin don hana, sarrafawa, ko kawar da cutar, tsarin na rigakafi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwarmu na yau da kullum. A matsayin cibiyar sadarwa mai mahimmanci na kwayoyin musamman da kwayoyin halitta, tsarin na rigakafi yana kare jiki ta hanyar rarrabe jiki da kwayoyin halitta mai bambanta daga kowane abu ko kwayar da ta ɗauka waje.

Lokacin da tsarin rigakafi ya gane wani abu a matsayin wakili na kasashen waje, zai sauke amsa. Wadannan jami'o'in za a iya bayyana su a fili kamar kasancewar antigens ko allergens.

• Wani antigen na iya zama kwayoyin cuta, fungi, cutar, kwayoyin cuta, daxin, ko kayan waje. Ƙungiyar ta rigakafi tana gane wani antigen ta hanyar sa siffofi masu sifofi wanda ke haifar da amsawa na rigakafi. Makasudin amsawar na rigakafi shi ne don neutralize antigen.
• Wani abu mai cututtuka , ta bambanta, abu ne marar lahani, irin su cat dander ko pollen ragweed, cewa jiki yana dauke da antigen. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, tsarin na rigakafi zai haifar da mayar da martani da muka mayar da ita azaman rashin lafiyan abu.

Don dalilan da ba a fahimta ba, tsarin na rigakafi wani lokaci zai ɓata kuskuren kansa a matsayin kasashen waje kuma ya ba da martani. Muna komawa zuwa wannan a matsayin cututtuka. Misalan sun hada da psoriasis, arthritis na rheumatoid, lupus, ko masu ciwon sukari iri na 1.

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A Anatomy na Immune System

Ƙungiyar ta rigakafi ta kunshi nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta, gland, da nama wadanda ke goyan bayan ci gaba da ci gaba. Wadannan sun haɗa da:

• Rashin kasusuwa shine inda dukkanin kwayoyin jini ke haifar da jini.
• Glanden kamus , wanda ke bayan kullun yana cikin matuƙar wasu kwayoyin jini masu karewa.
• Jirgin ƙwayar hanzari , ƙwayarwa a cikin jiki, gidan da dama na kwayoyin halitta da ake bukata don fara samun amsawa mai sauki.
• Jirgin ya ƙunshi nama na lymphoid wanda ke tafiyar da kuma sake sabunta jini kuma ya maye gurbin sel.
• Tsarin lymphatic shine babbar hanya a tsakanin kyakoki da gabobin da ke ɗauke da lymph, ruwan da ba tare da launi da cike da jini mai tsabta.

Wadannan kwayoyin sune mabudin mahimmanci wajen samar da lymphocytes, da jini mai tsabta wadanda suke zama masu amsawa na farko a duk lokacin da kuka ji rauni ko marasa lafiya.

Nau'o'i biyu na lymphocytes sune kwayoyin B da T-cell. B-kwayoyin halitta sun kasance a cikin kututtukan kashi zuwa girma, yayin da kwayoyin T ke tafiya zuwa thymus don kammala su maturation. Da zarar balagagge, ƙwayoyin B da kuma T suna amfani da tsarin jini da kwayoyin lymphatic don tafiya a cikin jiki.

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Irin martani na gaggawa

A gaban duk wani magungunan cututtuka (pathogen), tsarin na rigakafi ba zai faɗakar da ɗaya ba amma guda biyu masu amsa rikice-rikice

• Abun da ba a samu ba ne a matsayin abin da ya faru na farko da aka dauka a kai tsaye ga duk wani barazana, kamar kwayar cuta ko kwayoyin. Yana da mahimmanci saboda yana ko da yaushe a can, ko yaushe yana daya, kuma yana amfani da irin wadannan kwayoyin tsaro.
• Hanyoyin da ba su dacewa ba shi ne abin da tsarin na rigakafin, bayan ganewa da pathogen, ya haifar da kwayoyin halitta musamman don magance shi kuma ya tsayar da wannan pathogen. Saboda haka, tsarin rigakafi ya dace da kowane sabon pathogen.

Amsar da ta dace ta dogara akan duka sassan B da kuma T.Banan kwayoyin halitta suna aiki ne ta hanyar gane antigen da abubuwa masu ɓoye da ake kira antibodies wanda "tag" da pathogen. T-bayanan T sun biyo baya ta hanyar zartar da "alamar" pathogen don hallaka.

An sanya raga na ƙwayoyin B da T da ake kira ƙwaƙwalwar B da ƙwayoyin T. Wadannan suna aiki ne a matsayin sakonni, wadanda suke "tunawa" antigens da kuma haifar da amsa idan ya kamata antigen ya sake dawowa.

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Gudanar da Amsar Imune

Sadarwa a cikin tsarin na rigakafi yana jagorancin babban ɓangaren ta saƙonnin sakonni. Wadannan sunadarai, da ake kira cytokines , ana samar da su ta hanyoyi masu yawa na sassan kwayoyin halitta don amsawa ga dabi'un kwayoyin da ke kewaye da su.

Lokacin da aka saki, cytokines yana haifar da wasu kwayoyin halitta marasa jituwa don aiki ko a'a. Ta yin haka, ba wai kawai sunyi jagorancin zirga-zirga da kuma hali ba, sun tsara ci gaban da kuma karɓar wasu ƙwayoyin tantanin halitta (ciki har da jini mai karewa da wadanda suke tare da gyaran nama).

Cytokines suna kama da hanyoyi masu yawa zuwa hormones. Amma, sabanin waɗannan kwayoyin siginar kwayoyin halitta, cytokine suna da hannu wajen tsara tsarin amsawa. Hormones, da bambanci, da farko tsara physiology da hali.

Cytokines suna da muhimmanci a kiwon lafiya da cututtuka, amsawa ga kamuwa da cuta, kumburi, ciwo, sepsis, ciwon daji, har ma matakai na haifuwa.

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Ayyukan Antibodies

Wani antibody, wanda aka sani da sunan immunoglobin, shi ne haɓakar Y da aka haɓo da shi ta hanyar B-sel wanda ke da ikon gane pathogens. Kalmomi guda biyu na "Y" suna iya ɗauka a kan magunguna ko kamuwa da kwayar cutar da kuma nuna shi don tsayawa takaici a cikin hanyoyi guda uku:

• Tsayar da pathogen daga shigar da kwayar lafiya
• Alamar wasu sunadarai su kewaye da cinye mai haɗari a cikin tsarin da ake kira phagocytosis
• Kashe magungunan kanta

Ana ba da rigakafi daga mahaifa zuwa yaro ta hanyar tsarin da ake kira immunization mai guba. Bayan haihuwar, yarinya zai fara yin amfani da kwayoyin cutar ta jiki, ko dai a mayar da martani ga wani antigen (rigakafi na daidaitawa) ko kuma wani ɓangare na karewar kwayoyin halitta.

Mutane suna iya samar da nau'i nau'i daban daban na biliyan goma, kowannensu yana nufin wani antigen. Shafin yanar gizo na kan antigen, wanda ake kira paratope, ya kulle zuwa shafin yanar gizon da ake kira antigen. Babban haɓakawa na paratope yana ba da damar tsarin rigakafi don gane adadin antigens.

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Ƙin fahimtar rashin lafiya

An yi rashin lafiyar mutum lokacin da tsarin mutum ya kamu da shi zuwa abubuwan da basu cutar da wasu ba. Muna komawa zuwa wadannan abubuwa kamar allergens. Yayinda muke kiyasta yin haɗari tare da hay zazzabi da kuma pollen, za a iya haifar da rashin lafiyar wasu nau'o'in allergens ciki har da magunguna, abinci, toxins, latex, karfe, har ma da hasken rana.

Maganin rashin tausayi yana faruwa yayin da jikinka ke samar da kwayoyin cuta, musamman immunoglobulin E (IgE), a cikin amsa ga wani abu da ya ɗauka ya zama abin cutarwa. Daga nan sai antibody ya ɗauka ga kwayar cuta da kuma daya daga cikin jini guda biyu masu fararen jini (ƙwayoyin mast da ke zaune a cikin nama ko basophils wanda ke yadu cikin jini), wanda ya haifar da sakin kayan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da ake kira tarihin . Wannan amsawar hyperreactive zai iya bayyana tare da:

• Maganin cututtuka na numfashi irin su sneezing, itching, noseny nose, redness of eyes, shortness na numfashi, da kuma wheezing, sau da yawa sakamakon sakamakon jirgin ruwa irritants
• Gastrointestinal bayyanar cututtuka irin su ciwo na ciki, shafe, vomiting, da kuma zawo, yawanci alaka da rashin lafiyar abinci
• Magungunan cututtuka na wariyar launin fata irin su rash, amya, zazzabi, da ƙullun zuciya, wanda ya haifar da komai daga magunguna da ƙwayoyin kwari don haɗuwa da abubuwa ko kwayoyin halitta

A wasu lokuta, mutum yana iya fuskantar wata barazanar rai, mai kwakwalwar jikin jiki wanda ake kira anaphylaxis. Kwayoyin cututtuka sun hada da asibitoci mai tsanani, fatar jiki, numfashi na numfashi, hanzari ko jinkirta zuciya, damuwa, damuwa, rikicewa, da damuwa.

Magunguna masu fama da rashin lafiya suna yawan bi da su tare da maganin antihistamines, yayin da halayen mai tsanani zasu iya buƙatar infin epinephrine .

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Sanadin cututtuka na Autoimmune

A ainihin zuciya, cututtuka na ainihi shi ne kwatanci na tsarin tsarin da ba shi da ƙarancin gaggawa, yana kalubalanci kwayoyin halitta da kuma kyallen takarda da ya ɗauki cutarwa. Yana da yanayin da har yanzu ba mu fahimta ba, amma bincike ya nuna cewa abubuwa masu yawa suna taka wani ɓangare (ciki har da kwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma mai hadarin gaske).

Lokacin da tsarin na rigakafi bai yi aiki ba, zai saki lymphocytes masu karewa da wadanda ake kira autoantibodies wanda ke janyo hankalin sel a sassa daban daban na jiki. Wannan amsa ba daidai ba, wanda ake kira a matsayin motsa jiki, zai iya haifar da lalata da lalata nama.

Sakamakon cutar ba a saba da shi ba. Akwai fiye da 80 cututtukan cututtuka na cutar tare da bayyanar cututtuka wanda ya kasance daga m zuwa tsanani. Wasu daga cikin mafi yawan sun hada da:

• Lupus
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Psoriasis
• Scleroderma
• Celiac cutar
• Crohn ta cutar
• Ulcerative colitis
• Sjogren ta ciwo
• Mixed nama mai launi
• Vasculitis

Jiyya yana bambanta ta rikitarwa amma yana iya haɗawa da amfani da corticosteroids, magungunan rigakafi, maganin maganin ciwon daji, da plasmapheresis (plasma dialysis).

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Sanin Immunity da Vaccines

Magunguna su ne abubuwa, kwayoyin ko mutum, wadanda aka gabatar cikin jikin don haifar da amsawa ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Manufar maganin alurar rigakafi shine ya hana cutar (maganin rigakafi), kula da cutar (maganin rigakafi), ko kawar da cutar (maganin rigakafi).

Ana amfani da maganin rigakafi don cike da hasara a cikin rigakafin mutum, ko dai saboda mutum bai rigaya ya fallasa wani abu ba (irin su muradin murabba'in shekara) ko kuma mahaukaciyar cutar yana da mummunan barazanar lafiyar cewa tsarin rigakafi ba zai iya sarrafawa ba (kamar da herpes zoster cutar wanda sa shingles).

Daga cikin hanyoyin daban-daban don maganin rigakafi:

• An yi maganin alurar rigakafin rayuwa tare da rayayye, marasa lafiya marasa lafiya (kuma wasu lokuta kwayoyin cutar) wanda ba zai iya cutar ba amma duk da haka yana haifar da amsawa. Riki, mumps, pox kaza, da kuma shan inna ne kawai daga cikin misalan maganin alurar rigakafi.
• Magunguna marasa aiki sun yi amfani da "kashe" ƙwayoyin cuta, kwayoyin cuta, ko wasu pathogens don magance matsalar da ba ta da kyau. Rashin fuka, hepatitis A, da rabies wasu misalai ne na maganin alurar rigakafi.
• Subunit vaccines yi amfani da kawai wani ɓangare na wani pathogen don faɗakar da amsawa na rigakafi. Dukansu hepatitis B da papillomavirus ɗan adam (HPV) sune misalai na maganin rigakafi.
• Ana yin maganin alurar rigakafi daga magunguna masu guba waɗanda ba su da jiki ga jikin amma har yanzu suna haifar da amsawa. Magunguna don tetanus da diphtheria suna samar da wannan hanya.
• DNA maganin alurar sune wadanda aka sanya DNA mai saurin ciki a cikin wani ƙananan (kamar kwayar cutar da aka kashe ko kwayoyin cuta). Bayanan sai an toshe shi a cikin jiki inda ya rattaba zuwa kwayoyin kamara da kuma "reprogram" su don samar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.

> Source:

> Rich, R .; Fleischer, T. Shearer, W. et al. (2012) Immunology Clinical (4th Edition). New York: Kimiyyar Elsevier.