Immunity Innate da Cell-Mediated da Humoral samu Immunity
Fukarar Blood da Immunity - Gabatarwa
Tsarinmu na rigakafi, ko rigakafinmu, wata hanya ce ta kare jikin mu daga abubuwa masu haɗari, ƙananan kwayoyin halitta, har ma da ciwon daji. Yayin da aka fara nazarin tsarin mu na rigakafi game da rawar da ya taka wajen kare cututtuka, fahimtarmu ya samo asali kuma ya haifar da hangen nesa game da jini da ƙwayoyin jini na sassaucin sutura, sassauran jini, ciwon daji, da kwayoyin halitta.
Kwayoyin jini masu launin fata (WBCs) sune wani ɓangare na tsarinmu na rigakafi kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jini da ciwon sukari. A gaskiya ma, kalmar cutar sankarar bargowa tana nufin "jinin jini," kamar yadda yake da alaka da overproduction na fararen jini.
Ayyuka na Tsarin Gida
Shirin na rigakafi yana da manyan ayyuka guda huɗu:
- Kariya ga kwayoyin halitta na waje kamar su kwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, kwayoyin cuta , da fungi
- Haɓakaccen jiki (ƙarfin jiki) ta hanyar cirewa daga tsofaffi ko ƙwayoyin mota
- Kulawa da kuma kawar da kwayoyin mutant
- Dokar ta hanyar ƙaruwa da kuma ƙuntatawa ba ta da amsa
Tsarin na rigakafi yana iya aiwatar da waɗannan ayyuka ta farko ta hanyar iyawarsa ta bayyana bambanci tsakanin kai (ɓangare na jiki) da wadanda ba kai (kwayoyin rikici kamar kwayoyin cuta, naman gwari, da ƙwayoyin cuta, ko kuma toxins). Wannan ya ƙayyade wannan ta hanyar antigens, ko sunadarai, a kan tantanin halitta. Sel tare da antigens cewa tsarin rigakafi ya gane cewa an bar mutum ne kawai, yayin da kwayar halittar antigen kanta ba zata yi amfani da rigakafinmu ba, wanda zai amsa ta hanyar tattarawa, kunnawa da kuma shirya tsarin jinin kullun da aka dace a wurin da ake barazana.
Ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin da kwayoyin cutar ciwon daji ke ciki shine cewa sun sami hanyoyin da za su canza kansu suyi kama da kai.
Nau'in Immunity
Abubuwan nau'i biyu na rigakafi suna da mahimmanci kuma sun sami rigakafi. Wasu daga cikin jinin karnukan mu suna taka rawar gani a cikin rigakafi, wasu a cikin rigakafi, yayin da wasu suna shiga cikin duka.
Immunity Innate
Ƙarancin rigakafi shine layi na farko, ba da takamaiman amsawa ga duk wani ɓangaren jikinmu ba. An haife mu ne tare da rigakafi. Ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam tana da nasaba da wasu nau'i hudu: shinge na injiniya, shinge na sinadaran, zazzabi, da phagocytosis ko ƙumburi.
- Makamai masu shinge sun haɗa da fatar jiki da ƙwayoyin da ke sanya bakinmu, hanci, hanyoyi, hanyoyi urinary da gastrointestinal organs. Lokacin da waɗannan sun kasance cikakke, suna samar da wani shinge na jiki game da shigar da toxins da kwayoyin cutarwa.
- Harkokin shinge sun hada da sutura, hawaye, cin abinci, ƙwayar ciki, ƙwaƙwalwa, da sauran ruwaye da jiki ya ɓoye. Wadannan sun hana masu fafutukar kasashen waje ta hanyar kyautata yanayin su. Alal misali, shinge na sinadaran zai iya yin nama kamar acidic ko tsayi kuma don haka ya sa kwayar cutar ta zama jiki ko kuma tacewa daga haɗuwa da zama cikin jiki.
- Fever yana taimaka wa jikin ya kare da kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suke da damuwa a cikin yawan zafin jiki. Wadannan mamaye abubuwan da ba su da kullun da zasu haifar da jiki don kara yawan zafin jiki. Wadannan nau'o'in kwayoyin ba zasu iya jure yanayin zafi mai tsawo ba don tsawon lokaci. (Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa yanzu an ba da shawara don barin ciwon zafin jiki kawai tare da sanyi da mura - sai dai idan ba ka jin dadi - tun da yake yana daya daga cikin hanyoyi da jikinmu yake yi wa wadanda ke fama da cutar.)
- Kumburi yakan auku ne lokacin da makamai da magungunan sinadarai ga magungunan kasashen waje suka gaza. Amsar ita ce da sauri, amma har ma da gajeren lokaci . Wannan ba amsa ba ne, wato, jikinka ba dole ne ya bayyana shi ga wannan mahaukaci ba kafin ka amsa masa. An ƙaddamar da kumburi da kuma sarrafawa ta hanyar WBCs phagocytic, irin su polymorphonuclear leukocytes ko "granulocytes" - neutrophils , monocytes , macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, da kwayoyin kisa . Kwayoyin cuta suna kai hari kan kwayoyin irin su kwayoyin cuta da fungi kuma zasu iya barin jinin don kyallen takarda a yayin da ake amsawa mai zafi. Basophils sun fara ba da amsa gamsuwa ga antigens muhalli, yayin da eosinophils kare jikin da kwayoyin cutar. Kwayoyin halitta masu kisa suna amfani da sunadaran haɗari don kashe kwayoyin kamuwa da cutar. Macrophages suna aiki a matsayin kwayoyin halitta a cikin kyallen takarda, yayin da monocytes ke taka rawa a cikin jini. Da zarar macrophage ta yi amfani da magungunan kasashen waje , ya bayar da bayanai game da wannan kwayar halitta ga T-lymphocytes kuma yana taimakawa wajen tattara tsarin da aka samu.
Immunity da aka samu
Samun rigakafin da aka samu, wanda ake kira rigakafi mai dacewa, shi ne abin da ya dace da amsawa ga wani maƙwabtaka na kasashen waje . Da zarar jiki ya fallasa wa wani asibiti na kasashen waje , samun rigakafin kullun ya shiga kuma ya tuna da wannan bayani tsawon lokaci . Shekaru da yawa daga baya, lokacin da tsarin lafiyarmu ya ga irin wannan antigen kuma, an riga an shirya shi kuma zai iya fara kai hare-hare. Hanyoyi guda biyu na irin wannan rigakafi suna da kariya daga kwayoyin halitta da kuma mummunar ciwon kullun , wanda duka kwayoyin lymphocytes suka kashe.
Lymphocytes sunyi kusan kashi ɗaya cikin uku na WBCs a jikinmu. Lymphocytes ƙananan kwayoyin halitta ne waɗanda zasu iya gudana a cikin jini amma suna iya wanzu a cikin kyallen takalma, suna tafiya a cikin jiki suna neman aikin. Ƙananan lymphocytes sune T lymphocytes ko T-cell , (wanda ke taka rawar a cikin ƙwayoyin cell-mediated da damoral) da kuma B na lymphocytes ko B. Wasu ƙwayoyin B-lymphocytes sun zama kwayoyin plasma , wanda a cikin amsa ga wani antigen na iya tunawa da wani mai haɗari a bayyanar da za a daukaka a nan gaba kuma ya samar da kwayoyin cutar zuwa wannan maganin antigen.
Abun ƙwayar cuta ta Cell-CIM (CMI)
Cutar da aka yi wa layin salula tana amfani da T-lymphocytes a matsayin makaminsa na ainihi, kodayake hulɗar tsakanin T-lymphocytes da B-lymphocytes yakan faru. Bayan da magungunan kasashen waje suka gurgunta ta macrophage, ya gabatar da cikakkun bayanai game da antigens a kan wannan microorganism zuwa T-lymphocytes.
Ɗaya daga cikin T-lymphocyte, T-cell helper , zai kawo wannan bayanin ga wasu T-lymphocytes (don haka zasu fahimci mahayin), kwayoyin kisa na halitta (wanda zai nemi fitar da kwayar halitta), da kuma B-lymphocytes ( wanda ya fara da mummunan rashin amsawa).
Wani nau'i na T-lymphocyte, T-cell cytoxic , yana amfani da hanyar kai tsaye kuma yana kashe kwayoyin da ya gane ba shi da kansa ko mai hadari.
Tsarin kariya na mutunci
Tsarin kariya na mutunci ya hada da samar da kwayoyin cuta. Magunguna, ko immunoglobulins, sunadaran sunadaran samar da kwayar cutar P-lymphocyte ta hanyar amsawa ga sanannun antigen. Magunguna zasu iya hana ƙwayoyin cuta daga shigar da kwayoyin lafiya, tsayar da toxin mai hatsarin, ko kuma karya ka'idar microorganism kuma su bar su don kullun tsarin phagocytic scavenger don kawar da su.
Aiki tare
Immunity wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci wadda take buƙatar haɗin kai tsakanin dukkanin hanyoyin da za su fi tasiri. WBCs na Phagocytic, irin su macrophages da kullun halitta daga kwayoyinmu na rigakafi, taimakawa wajen aiwatar da aikin rigakafi ta hanyar salula da kyamara. Duk da haka, tsarin mu na ainihi ba shi da tasiri a cikin gajeren lokaci kuma yana buƙatar samun rigakafi don ci gaba da kariya.
Sources:
Bonilla, F. Tsunami na rashin amsawa. Na zamani. Updated 03/23/15. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-humoral-immune-response
Johnston, R. Wani bayyani ne game da tsarin tsarin da ba a ciki ba. Na zamani. Updated 11/02/15. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/an-overview-of-the-innate-immune-system
Otto, Tsare-tsaren Tsaro. in Otto, S. ed (2001) Oncology Nursing 4th ed. Mosby: St. Louis. (shafi na 917-948).
Williams, L. "Binciken Mafi Girma na Hematopoiesis da Immunology: Abubuwan da ke faruwa ga masu sauraro mai suna Hematopoietic Transplant Recipients" a cikin Ezzone, S. (2004) Harsoyin Hematopoietic Tsarin Gudanarwa: Dokar Kula da Nursing. Ƙungiyar Nursing Oncology. Pittsburg, PA (shafi na 1-13).