Definition, History, Classification and Fun Facts About Biobiology
Menene ma'anar kwayoyin halitta? Mene ne tarihin kuma me ya sa yake da mahimmanci a magani? Menene hujjoji game da kwayoyin halitta suna mamakin ku?
Nazarin ilmin kwayoyin halitta - Definition
An fassara kwayoyin halitta kawai a matsayin nazarin kwayoyin halittu, tare da "micro" ma'anar kananan, da kuma "ilmin halitta," yana nufin nazarin abubuwa masu rai. Maganin kwayoyin binciken da aka yi nazarin ya bambanta kuma yaduwar kwayoyin halittu an rushe cikin yankuna da yawa na binciken.
Yanayin kwayoyin halittu yana da mahimmanci ga mutane, ba kawai saboda cututtuka da wadannan kwayoyin cutar ke haifarwa ba amma saboda "abubuwa masu kyau" suna da muhimmanci don mu rayu a duniya. Ganin cewa kwayoyin halitta da jikinmu sun fi ƙarfin jikinmu, wannan bangare na binciken za a iya la'akari da ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wuraren ilimi da binciken.
Nau'ikan Microorganisms - Tsarin
Microorganisms, ko "microbes" su ne ƙananan abubuwa masu rai. Yawancin wadannan kwayoyin ba za su iya ganin su ta hanyar ido ba, kuma har sai ingancin microscope da germ theory, ba mu san yadda yaduwar suke ba.
Ana samun ƙwayoyin micro a ko'ina cikin duniya. An samo su a cikin tafkuna na tafki na ruwa a Yellowstone da kuma cikin tuddai a cikin zurfin teku. Za su iya rayuwa a cikin gishiri da kuma wasu ci gaba a cikin ruwan gishiri (sosai don yin amfani da gishiri a matsayin mai kiyayewa .) Wasu suna buƙatar oxygen su yi girma kuma wasu ba sa.
Maganin "toughest" ta duniya shine kwayar da ake kira Deinococcus rediyon rediyo , kwayoyin da za su iya tsayayya da radiation zuwa wani digiri mai ban sha'awa kamar yadda sunan yana nufin, amma kuma zai iya tsira ba tare da ruwa ba, lokacin da aka nuna shi da karfi, har ma a lokacin da aka sanya shi a cikin wani asibiti.
Ƙayyade na Microorganisms in Microbiology
Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban da masana kimiyya suka ƙaddara, kuma a cikin haka ana ƙoƙarin yin hankali, na miliyoyin microbes a tsakiyarmu.
Maɗaukaki vs unicellular vs acellular - Daya daga cikin hanyoyi microbes an classified shi ne ta ko suna da sel, kuma idan haka ne, nawa. Tsarin microorganisms na iya zama:
- Multicellular - Samun fiye da ɗaya cell.
- Unicellular - Samun guda cell.
- Acellular - Rashin Kwayoyin, irin su ƙwayoyin cuta da prolis. (Akwai muhawara akan ko ƙwayoyin cuta abu ne mai rai, kamar yadda ba zasu iya tsira a waje da rundunar ba, kuma ana kiran su prions "proteins" mai cututtuka maimakon microbes.)
Eukaryotes vs prokaryotes Wata hanya wadda aka kirkira wasu kwayoyin halitta da irin kwayar halitta. Wadannan sun hada da eukaryotes da prokaryotes:
- Eukaryotes su ne microbes tare da "kwayoyin halitta" wanda ke da tsakiya na ainihi da kuma membrane. Misalan eukaryotes sun hada da helminths (tsutsotsi,) protozoa , algae, fungi, da yeasts.
- Prokaryotes su ne microbes tare da "kwayoyin halitta" wadanda ba su da ainihin ginshiƙan kuma ba su da kwayoyin halitta. Misalan sun hada da kwayoyin.
Mafi yawan nau'o'in microorganisms sun hada da - Dabbobin daban-daban na microbes za a iya rushe su zuwa:
- Sauran yanayin - wasu lokuta sukan fi firgita fiye da wasu kwayoyin halitta, akalla lokacin da za'a iya ganin su tare da ido mara kyau. Alamu sun hada da helminths (tsutsotsi,) flukes, protozoa, da sauransu. Misalan cututtukan cututtuka sun hada da malaria , giardia , da kuma barci na Afrika. Ascariasis (roundworms) su ne wadanda zasu cutar da mutane biliyan daya a duniya.
- Fungi (kuma yeasts) - Fungi su ne kwayoyin halitta wadanda suke cikin wasu hanyoyi suna kama da tsire-tsire. Idan kuna da 'yan wasa na tafiya ko ƙwayar yisti, kun san sababbin cututtuka na fungal . Wannan rukunin kuma ya hada da namomin kaza da ƙira. Kamar kwayoyin cutar, muna da "masu naman tsuntsaye masu yawa" waɗanda suke rayuwa a kan jikin mu kuma baya haifar da cutar.
- Kwayoyin cuta - Muna da karin kwayoyin halitta a cikin jikin mu fiye da kwayoyin halitta, amma yawancin wadannan kwayoyin sune "kwayoyin lafiya." Suna kare mu daga kamuwa da cuta daga kwayoyin cuta ko cututtuka kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sarrafa abincinmu. Misalan cututtuka da cututtuka suka haifar sun hada da tarin fuka da Strep makogwaro.
- Kwayoyin cuta - Cutar suna da yawa a yanayi, kodayake wadanda mafi yawan mutane sun saba da su shine wadanda ke haifar da cututtukan mutane. Kwayoyin cuta na iya harba wasu kwayoyin halitta irin su kwayoyin cuta, da tsire-tsire. Rigakafin rigakafi sun rage hadarin wasu cututtuka masu ban tsoro, amma wasu, irin su cutar Ebola da cutar Zika , tunatar da mu cewa ba mu fara cin nasara ba.
- Gabatarwa - Mafi yawan masana kimiyya a wannan lokaci ba su kirga prisons a matsayin kwayoyin halittu ba, amma a matsayin "sunadarai masu cutar." Wannan ya ce, masu nazarin wariyar launin fata suna nazarin su ne, Prions suna da wani nau'i na furotin da ke haɗuwa, kuma bazai fara bayyana tsoratar da farko ba. Duk da haka cututtukan prion kamar mahaukaciyar ƙwayar cuta ne wasu daga cikin cututtuka masu tsoron cututtuka.
Tarihin ilmin kwayoyin halitta
Abin da muka sani yanzu game da kwayoyin halittu kuma wanda za'a tattauna a nan gaba shine sabon abu a tarihin. Bari mu bincika tarihin kwayoyin halittu:
Na farko microscope / farko microorganisms gani - Mataki na farko a cikin kwayoyin halitta ya zo ne a lokacin da van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) halitta na farko, single lens microscope. Ta hanyar ruwan tabarau wanda yake da girman girman 300X ya iya ganin rayukan kwayoyin a karon farko (daga cutarwa daga hakoransa).
Ƙaddamar da ka'idar Germ - An gane jikin dan Adam a matsayin tushen kamuwa da cuta daga masanan kimiyya uku :.
- Dokta Oliver Wendall Holmes ya gano cewa matan da suka haife su a gida ba su iya samun ciwon cututtuka fiye da waɗanda aka ba da su a asibiti.
- Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis ya danganta da cututtuka tare da likitoci waɗanda suka tafi kai tsaye daga ɗakin autopsy zuwa sansanin mamacin ba tare da wanke hannunsu ba.
- Yusufu Lister ya gabatar da dabarun da suka dace, ciki har da wanke hannun hannu da yin amfani da zafi don bazuwa.
Ka'idojin Germ - Mutane biyu da aka fi sani da yarda da ka'idar ƙwayar cuta sune Louis Pasteur da Robert Koch:
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) - An ba da Pasteur ga ka'idar biogenesis, ta lura cewa dukan abubuwa masu rai sun fito ne daga wani abu maimakon ra'ayi mafi rinjaye a lokacin da baza'awar ba. Ya yi ikirarin cewa cututtuka da yawa sun haifar da kwayoyin halitta (maimakon zunubi, fushin Allah, da kuma sauran abubuwan da ya faru). Ya nuna cewa microorganisms ne ke da alhakin furewa da cinyewa kuma ya ci gaba da hanyar da ake kira pasteurization har yanzu ana amfani da shi a yau. Ya kuma ci gaba da maganin rigakafi da maganin anthrax.
- Robert Koch (1843-1910) - Koch shine marubucin "Koch's postulates" tsarin kimiyya na matakan da suka tabbatar da ka'idar sakon kwayar da aka yi amfani dashi a binciken kimiyya tun (tare da wasu nazarin.) Ya gano dalilin tarin fuka, anthrax , da kwalara.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, wasu alamu sun hada da:
- 1892 - Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanoski ya gano cutar ta farko.
- 1928 - Alexander Flemming ya gano penicillin.
- 1995 - An wallafa shi da farko na rubutun kwayoyin halitta.
Mananan kwayoyin halitta
Idan mukayi tunanin microorganisms, yawancin mu na tunanin cutar, ko da yake waɗannan "kwari" suna da mahimmanci su taimake mu fiye da cutar da mu. (Tabbatar karantawa game da "microbes masu kyau" a kasa.)
Har zuwa kimanin karni daya da suka wuce, kuma a halin yanzu, a wurare da dama na duniya, cututtuka da microorganisms sune babbar hanyar mutuwa. Rayuwar rai a Amurka ta karu sosai a karni na arni ba kawai saboda muna rayuwa tsawon lokaci ba, amma mafi yawa saboda kananan yara suna mutu a yarinya.
A {asar Amirka, cututtukan zuciya da ciwon daji yanzu shine tushen farko da na biyu na hadarin mutuwa. A duk duniya, duk da haka, cutar cututtuka. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, a ƙasashe masu ƙasƙanci a ƙasashen duniya, babban dalilin mutuwa shine cututtuka na numfashi, da cututtukan cututtuka.
Zuwan maganin alurar rigakafi da maganin rigakafi, har da mawuyacin ruwa mai tsabta, ya saukar da damuwa game da kwayoyin cutar, amma zai zama mai girman kai. A halin yanzu, muna fuskantar ba wai kawai cututtukan cututtuka ba, amma jigilar kwayoyin halitta, kuma masana da dama suna jin cewa muna da damuwa ga cutar wariyar gaba.
Microorganisms Wadanda suke taimaka wa mutane - "Good Microbes"
Kodayake ba zamu iya magana game da shi ba, microorganisms ba kawai taimako ba amma dole a kusan kowane bangare na rayuwarmu. Microbes suna da muhimmanci a:
- Kare jikinmu daga "micro".
- Yin abinci - Daga yogurt zuwa giya giya, gurasar ita ce hanya wadda girma idan ana amfani da kwayoyi don samar da abinci. Wannan misali guda ɗaya, duk da haka, microbes sune tushen sarkar abinci don yawancin rayuwa
- Rushe raguwa a ƙasa da sake amfani da iskar gas a sama. Bacteria zai iya taimakawa tare da sharar gida mai mahimmanci irin su man fetur da yaduwar makaman nukiliya.
- Bacteria a cikin jikinmu suna da alhakin samar da bitamin kamar su bitamin K da wasu bitamin B. Bacteria kuma suna da mahimmanci a narkewa.
- Maganin rubutun kalma yana kallon hanyoyin da za'a iya amfani da kwayoyin cutar a matsayin kundin kwamfutarka don adana bayanai.
Ba wai kawai microbes suke yin ayyuka da yawa ba a gare mu-sun kasance wani ɓangare na mu. Ana tsammanin cewa kwayoyin halitta da jikinmu sun fi girma akan kwayoyinmu ta hanyar kashi 10 zuwa 1.
Kuna yiwuwa ya ji sabon abu a cin abinci. Bugu da ƙari, cin abinci na broccoli da blueberries, yanzu ana gaya mana mu ci abinci mai gurasa yau da kullum, ko kuma akalla sau da yawa sosai. Tare da kwayoyin cutar, ba za a yi fure ba.
A lokacin haihuwar, jarirai ba su da kwayoyin jikinsu. Suna saya kwayoyin su na farko kamar yadda suke wucewa ta wurin haihuwa. (Rashin haɗuwa da kwayoyin cuta a cikin hanyar haihuwa na zaton wasu sune dalilin da ya sa kiba da allergies sunfi kowa a cikin jariran da C-sashe ke bayarwa.)
Idan kun karanta labarai kwanan nan an riga an saka shi cewa kwayoyin da ke cikin gutsunanmu suna da alhakin kwanakinmu na yau. koyi yadda za a sami kwayoyin kwantar da lafiya . Anyi amfani da nazarin kwayoyin halitta don bayyana abubuwa da dama, kamar yasa maganin rigakafi na iya haifar da samun karfin.
Fields of Microbiology
Akwai wurare daban-daban a fannin ilmin halitta. Wani misali na wasu daga cikin wadannan fannoni da aka rushe ta hanyar kwayoyin sun hada da:
- Parasitology - A binciken na parasitology
- Mycology - The nazarin fungi
- Bacteriology - A binciken kwayoyin
- Virology - A binciken da ƙwayoyin cuta
- Tsarin ilimin kimiyya - Nazarin protozoa
- Phycology - Nazarin algae
- Immunology - Nazarin tsarin rigakafi
Dukkanin magungunan kwayoyin halittu ma za a iya rushewa ta hanyar yin amfani da su da yawa. Bayanan kaɗan daga cikin mutane sun haɗa da:
- Masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta (ci gaba, metabolism, da kuma tsarin microbes)
- Kwayoyin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta
- Kwayar jari-hujja
- Muhalli na Muhalli
- Masana kimiyya na masana'antu (alal misali, maganin ruwan sha)
- Abincin Abincin Abincin (furotin)
- Biotechnology
- Lafiya.
Future of Microbiology
Hanyoyin ilimin halittu masu mahimmanci yana da ban sha'awa kuma akwai karin abinda ba mu san ba. Abin da muka samu a cikin ilimin mafi yawan a filin shine cewa akwai abubuwa da yawa don koyo.
Ba kwayoyin cutar ba kawai za su iya haifar da cutar, amma za a iya amfani da su wajen inganta kwayoyi don yaki da sauran kwayoyin (alal misali, penicillin.) Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna haifar da ciwon daji, yayin da wasu aka kimanta su a matsayin hanyar magance ciwon daji.
Daya daga cikin dalilai mafi mahimmanci ga mutane su koyi game da kwayoyin halittu shine girmamawa ga "halittun" wannan wanda ya fi mu yawa. Ana tsammanin cewa ƙarfin kwayoyin cutar ya karu ne saboda rashin amfani da magungunan maganin rigakafin kwayoyi amma na sababbin sababbin kwayoyin cutar. Kuma wannan shine kawai lokacin kallon kwayoyin da muke gane yanzu. Tare da ciwon cututtuka na ci gaba, kuma tare da iyawarmu na tafiya mafi ko'ina cikin duniya a kan jiragen sama guda uku, akwai buƙatar mahimmanci don masu ilimin halitta suyi ilimi da kuma shirya su.
> Sources
- > Kasper, Dennis L .., Anthony S. Fauci, da Stephen L .. Hauser. Ka'idodin Magungunan Hoto na Harrison. New York: Mc Graw-Hill Education, 2015. Print.
- > Smolinska S., Groeger, D., da L. O'Mahony. Biology na Microbiome 1: Yin hulɗar tare da Sabis ba tare da Amfani ba. Gastroenterology Clinics na Arewacin Amirka . 2017. 4691): 19-35.