Pathogens, ko kuma cututtukan cututtuka, sunadarai a duniyar da muke ciki. Wadannan kwayoyin halitta zasu iya zuwa a wasu siffofin. Duk da haka, yayin da suke bambanta kamar yadda zasu kasance a cikin tsari da tsari, pathogens duk suna da abu ɗaya a kowacce: Domin yasa cutar, dole ne su yi nasarar shiga masallaci. Ana daukar nauyin pathogens a hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da iska, jima'i, jini da wasu ruwaye na jiki, ko kuma ta hanyar hanyar da ta dace.
Irin Pathogens
Yawanci, pathogens sun fada cikin ɗaya daga cikin wadannan nau'o'in hudu:
Kwayoyin cuta: Wadannan magungunan masu ciwon magungunan ƙwayoyin microscopic suna buƙatar mai ba da rai don yin amfani da shi kuma ya bunƙasa. Kwayoyin cuta sunyi wannan ta hanyar shigar da jikin mutum kuma suna mamaye tantanin halitta inda suke kwafi kansu sannan su yada zuwa wasu kwayoyin. Misalan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta suna fitowa daga cututtuka masu kama da na yau da kullum da kuma ciwon ciki don cutar cutar dan adam (HIV) da ciwon haifa C.
Kwayoyin cuta: Yayin da kwayoyin da yawa basu haifar da cututtuka kuma saboda haka ba su da pathogens, wasu daga cikin wadannan kwayoyin halitta, wanda yawanci suna bayyana a matsayin siffofi, ƙananan jini, ko spheres. Bacteria yawanci ya fi girma fiye da ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma mutane sun fi kamuwa da kamuwa da kwayar cutar kwayar cutar bayan an riga an raunana su saboda cutar. Misalan cututtuka na kwayan cuta sun hada da strep makogwaro, meningitis, da guba abinci.
Fungi : Yisti, mold, da kuma namomin kaza iri iri ne na masu fungi wanda zai iya haifar da cutar a cikin mutane.
Fungi ne eukaryotes, ma'anar su kwayoyin sun ƙunshi tsakiya tare da sauran abubuwan da aka haɗa a cikin membranes. Wannan yana nufin cewa ya fi wuya a kashe su kuma mafi yawan magungunan ƙwayoyi ba su da tasiri fiye da, alal misali, maganin rigakafi yayin da suke haifar da ƙarin illa ga mutumin da yake ɗaukar su.
Misalan cututtuka na fungal sun hada da hawan mama, histoplasmosis, da ciwo mai yisti na yisti.
Sa'idodin : Waɗannan kwayoyin sun zauna a masaukin kuma suna samar da makamashi (abinci) daga wannan mahalarta, sau da yawa yakan haifar da rashin lafiya a cikin wannan tsari. Abubuwa uku wadanda ke haifar da cututtuka wadanda ke haifar da cututtukan mutane shine saituka, helminths, da ectoparasites. Misalan cututtuka da ke haifar da cututtukan mutum shine tsutsa (wanda ke haifar da rashin lafiya), cuts (wanda ke haifar da cutar Lyme), da kuma plasmodium (wanda ke haifar da labaran).
Kare Kare Pathogens
Koyon zamani magani yana da hanyoyi masu yawa na magance pathogens kamar maganin alurar rigakafi, maganin rigakafi, da masu fuka-fuka, amma jikin mutum yana da kayan aiki da yawa don kare lafiyar pathogens da cututtuka da suke haifarwa. Alal misali, tsarin rigakafi da nau'o'in kwayoyin halitta yana samar da (leukocytes, neutrophils, and antibodies) wanda ke iya yakin kashe pathogens. Bugu da ƙari, wasu alamun rashin lafiya kamar sneezing da coughing, su ne ainihin ƙoƙarin jiki don fitar da pathogens daga jiki.
A gaskiya ma, ƙwayoyin cuta, yayin da ake zaton su alamar rashin lafiya, su ne ainihin hanyar jiki don tayar da yawan zafin jiki zuwa matakin da wasu pathogens basuyi ba. Yana da wani tsari na karewa wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen kashe pathogens da sake dawo da lafiyar.
> Source:
> Alberts B; Johnson A; Lewis J; et al. (2002). "Gabatarwa ga Pathogens". Biology Biology na Cell (4th ed.). Garland Science.