Ga mafi yawan masana kimiyya, rayuwa ta kasance game da haifuwa. A tsarin ilimin halitta, kwayoyin kamar mutane, fungi, tsire-tsire, da kwayoyin cuta ana iya ɗauka a matsayin hanyoyin gina jiki mai mahimmanci don raguwar deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) don kwafin kansu da kyau.
A gaskiya ma, kullun ya sake haifuwa har ma yana karawa daga halittu masu rai. Kwayoyin cuta misali ne na wata hanya maras kyau tsakanin masu rai da wadanda ba su da rai.
A wata hanya, kwayar cutar ba ta da yawa fiye da na'urar sarrafawa. A lokuta da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar cutar kwayar cutar dan Adam ( HIV ), DNA ba ma kwayar da take turawa ba. Wani nucleotide, RNA (ribonucleic acid), shi ne motsawar motsa.
Mene Ne Cutar Dama?
An yi watsi da girman kai (wanda aka bayyana a cikin Amurka, pry-ons a Birtaniya) daga tsarin da aka fi sani da haɓakar da ke dauke da DNA da RNA. DNA da RNA su ne nucleotides, tsarin sunadarai da ake amfani da su don samar da sunadarai, ginin sassa na kwayoyin halittu da aka tsara domin tabbatar da nasarar haifuwa. A prion ne mai gina jiki wanda baya buƙatar nucleotide ya haifa-da prion ya fi iya kula da kanta.
Lokacin da sunadaran sunadaran sunadaran sunadaran sunadaran sunadaran gina jiki, furotin na al'ada sun canza zuwa wani nau'in cuta mai cututtuka maras kyau. Sakamakon ita ce matsala mai gina jiki wanda ya rage.
A cikin lokuta na gadon likitanci, shi ne maye gurbi wanda ke haifar da haɓaka mai gina jiki na furotin prion. Abin takaici, waɗannan sunadaran sunadaran da suke amfani dasu a cikin kwakwalwar kwayoyin don suyi aiki yadda ya kamata, saboda haka kwayoyin jikinsu sun mutu saboda sakamakon su, suna haifar da ciwo mai zurfi. Duk da yake duniyar da ke haifar da cututtuka na iya zama barci na tsawon shekaru, lokacin da bayyanar cututtuka ta zo a bayyane, mutuwa zata biyo baya a cikin 'yan watanni.
Akwai manyan nau'o'i guda biyar na cututtuka na prion a halin yanzu an gane a cikin mutane: cututtukan Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD), bambancin cutar Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vCJD), kuru, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome (GSS), da kuma rashin barci na iyali (FFI). Duk da haka, an gano sababbin nau'o'in cututtuka na prion.
Yadda Suka Ci gaba
Za'a iya samun cututtuka na Prion cikin hanyoyi guda uku: iyali, samu, ko kuma bazara. Hanyar da ta fi dacewa don samar da cutar likitanci alama ce ta zama marar lahani, ba tare da tushen hanyar kamuwa da cuta ko gado ba. Game da daya daga cikin mutane miliyan ya inganta wannan cuta na likita. Wasu cututtuka na prion, kamar CJD, GSS, da FFI, za a iya gaji. Wasu suna yadawa ta hanyar kusantuwa da furotin prion. Alal misali, kuru ya yada ta hanyar ayyukan bautar da ke New Guinea. Lokacin da aka cinye ciwon daji a matsayin wani abu na al'ada, ana amfani da prions, kuma cutar za ta yada. Misali marar misali shine vCJD, wanda aka sani ya yada daga dabbobi zuwa mutane lokacin da muke naman nama. Wannan an fi sani da "ƙwayar cuta maras lafiya," kuma yana faruwa a lokacin da prion ya kasance a cikin marayu mai rai. Sauran dabbobi, irin su alƙalai da tumaki, an gano su a wani lokaci na cututtukan prion. Duk da yake ba a sani ba, cututtuka na prion za a iya yadawa akan kayan miki.
Cutar cututtuka
Yayinda dukkanin cututtuka na prion suka haifar da cututtuka daban-daban, duk prisons suna da alama suna da ƙauna na musamman ga tsarin mai juyayi. Kodayake yawancin cututtukan kwayoyin cuta ko cututtukan cututtuka suna jin su a sassa daban-daban na jiki-ciki har da cututtuka na kwakwalwa na kwakwalwa suna nuna cikar cututtuka ne a cikin mutane, kodayake sunadaran sunadarai ne a cikin nau'in jikin mutum. Lokaci na iya nuna cewa tsarin hanyar prion kamar shi ne bayan cututtuka a waje da kwakwalwa.
Rashin tasiri akan tsarin mai juyayi yana da ban mamaki. Yawancin cututtuka na prion suna haifar da abin da aka sani da kwakwalwa ta spongiform.
Kalmar "spongiform" tana nufin cewa cutar ta shafe kwakwalwar kwakwalwa, ta haifar da ramukan microscopic da ke sa nama ya zama kamar soso. Yawancin lokaci, sakamakon ƙarshe shine ci gaba da sauri, yana nufin cewa wanda aka yi masa ya rasa ikon yin tunani kamar yadda ta yi amfani da shi a cikin watanni zuwa wasu shekaru. Sauran bayyanar cututtuka sun haɗa da lalata ( ataxia ), ƙungiyoyi masu banƙyama irin su chorea ko raguwa , da kuma canza yanayin barci.
Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan tsoratarwa game da cutar prion shine cewa za'a iya samun tsawon lokacin shiryawa a lokacin da aka kwantar da mutum a prion da kuma lokacin da yake tasowa bayyanar cututtuka. Mutane na iya zuwa shekaru masu yawa kafin a yi jita-jita da suka kasance a bayyane, tare da matsalolin maganganu.
Jiyya
Abin takaici, babu maganin warkar da cutar prion. A mafi kyau, likitoci na iya ƙoƙarin taimakawa wajen sarrafa bayyanar cututtuka da ke haifar da rashin tausayi. A cikin wani karamin binciken Turai, magani ya sa Flupirtine (ba a Amurka) ya inganta tunanin kirki a cikin marasa lafiya tare da CJD amma bai inganta su ba. Jarabawar kwayoyi chlorpromazine da quinacrine bai nuna wani cigaba ba. A wannan lokaci, cututtuka na prion suna ci gaba da mutuwa.
Sources:
Geschwind MD, Shu H, Haman A, Sejvar JJ, Miller BL. Raguwar ci gaba mai zurfi. Annals of Neurology 2008; 64: 97-108.
AH Ropper, Samuels MA. Ka'idodi na Adams da Victor na Lafiya, 9th ed: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2009