Ƙananan motsin rai da sauransu
A 1878 Bulus Broca, masanin neurologist na Faransa wanda ake kira Broca ta aphasia, ya sanya kalmar "le grand lobe lymbique". Kalmar "limbus" tana nufin wani gefe ko rim. Dr. Broca yana magana ne game da sassan da ke kewaye da ɓangaren kwakwalwa, a gefen cibiyar tsakiya.
Ma'anar kalmar "limbic tsarin" ya canza tun lokacin Broca.
Har ila yau ana nufin ɗaukar sifofi a tsakanin kwaya da hypothalamus da kwakwalwa, amma masanan sun hada da sassa daban daban a matsayin ɓangaren tsarin lalata. Amygdala da hippocampus sun hada da su, kamar yadda ya dace. Daga can, duk da haka, ra'ayoyin suna canzawa game da abin da ake la'akari da wani ɓangaren tsarin lalata, da kuma abin da ke daidaitawa, ma'ana tsarin da yake hulɗa da tsarin ƙirar amma ba gaskiya ba ne.
Ka'idodin labarun suna aiki da nau'o'in ƙwarewa da mahimmancin ayyuka. Hippocampi, wanda yake a cikin gefen bakin lobes, yana da muhimmanci ga ƙaddamarwar ƙwaƙwalwa. Amygdalae yana zaune a saman gefen gaba na kowane hippocampus. Kowane amygdala yana da muhimmanci a sarrafa motsin rai. Amygdala yana sadarwa tare da hippocampus, wanda zai taimaka wajen bayyana dalilin da yasa muke tunawa da abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci.
Amygdala ma tana magana tare da hypothalamus, yanayin kwakwalwar da ke da alhakin daidaita yanayin zafin jiki, ci abinci, da kuma sauran matakan da ake bukata don rayuwa. Halin hypothalamus kanta wani lokaci ne, amma ba koyaushe, an haɗa shi a matsayin ɓangare na tsarin lalata ba. Ta hanyar hypothalamus, kazalika da wasu wuraren da ke cikin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa, tsarin tsarin yana magana da tsarin kulawa na jiki (wanda ya tsara abubuwa kamar ƙwaƙwalwar zuciya da hawan jini), tsarin endocrin, da viscera (ko "gut").
Kwayoyin jijiya a cikin kwakwalwa suna cikin nau'ikan fashions dangane da wurin. Kwayar ganyayyaki yana da yawanci neocortical, ma'ana cewa kwayoyin halitta suna cikin 6 yadudduka. Wannan ya bambanta da tsarin labaran, inda aka tsara kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙananan layers (misali paleocorticoid), ko kuma mafi tsada (corticoid). Wannan ƙungiya mai rikitarwa na tsarin lalata, da kuma tsarin kulawa da tsarin ƙwayoyin rayuwa, ya haifar da likitoci don suyi imani cewa tsarin ƙwayar halitta shine juyin halitta fiye da gwanin gizon.
Tsarin al'ada ya haifar da cibiyar sadarwa mai mahimmanci tare da tsarin lalata. Misalai na daidaitattun abubuwa sun hada da gyrus cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex, mai kwakwalwa kwakwalwa, da kuma ɓangare na insula. Kwararrun kwakwalwa, tsohuwar ƙwayoyin jiki, jikin jiki da kuma ɓangarorin thalamus (na baya da na tsakiya) suna kuma la'akari da siffofi na daidaitattun abubuwa sabili da haɗarsu ta kusa da tsarin ƙididdiga.
Kowane irin waɗannan nau'in halayen daidaituwa an haɗa shi da halayyar ko ƙwarewar matakai. Gyrus, a misali, an riga an haɗe gyrus na tsakiya, wanda ya dace da motsa jiki da kullun. Ƙungiyar ta haɗa da iyawarmu don gane tunaninmu na ciki (ko "jin dadi").
Ƙungiyar orbitofrontal cortex , ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma kwakwalwa na basal suna da alamun jin dadi ko lada. Kwayoyin mambobi da wasu kwayoyin halittu masu mahimmanci suna da mahimmanci wajen kafa sabon tunanin.
Duk waɗannan hanyoyi suna da alaka da juna. Amygdala, alal misali, yana sadarwa zuwa hanyar kobitofrontal ta hanyar launi marar launi wanda ake kira fasciculus, kamar yadda insula. Amygdala yana sadarwa zuwa wasu sassan hypothalamus kuma yayi ta tsakiya ta hanyar sakonni, kuma zuwa kwakwalwar kwakwalwa da kuma sauran wasu hanyoyi ta hanyar hanya amygdalofugal.
Hanyoyin hippocampus sunyi magana ta hanyar babban tafarkin kwayoyin halitta wanda ake kira daskararriya, wanda ke kewaye da ventricles na kwakwalwa zuwa ga jikin mahaifa, aika da rassan zuwa ga jikin mahaifa, thalamus, da cingulate a hanya.
Tsarin mabambanci shine rukuni daban-daban na tsarin, kuma yana aiki da ayyuka daban-daban. Wadannan ayyuka sune mahimmanci ga yadda muke tunanin, ji, da kuma amsawa ga duniyarmu.
Sources:
Blumenfeld H, Neuroanatomy ta hanyar Cutar Clinical. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates Publishers 2002.
Ropper AH, Samuels MA. Ka'idodi na Adams da Victor na Lafiya, 9th ed: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2009.