Inda Kasashen Nervar An Yi Daga Neuron zuwa Neuron
A cikin tsarin duniyar tsakiya , ɓarnaccen ƙananan ƙananan raguwa ne a ƙarshen neuron wanda ya ba da damar siginar ta wuce daga wani neuron zuwa gaba. An gano synapses inda sassan jikinsu ke haɗuwa tare da sauran kwayoyin jaka. Synapses suna da mahimmanci ga aiki na kwakwalwa, musamman idan ya zo da ƙwaƙwalwa .
Abin da Abin da ke faruwa
Lokacin da siginar jijiya ya isa ƙarshen neuron, ba zai iya ci gaba da ci gaba da cell ba.
Maimakon haka, dole ne ya haifar da sakin labaran da ke tattare da neurotransmitters wanda zai iya ɗaukar motsa jiki gaba ɗaya daga cikin ɓarna zuwa na gaba.
Da zarar motsin jijiyar ya haifar da saki nema, waɗannan manzannin sunadarai sun haye ƙananan ɓangaren synaptic kuma sun karɓa ta hanyar masu karɓa a saman tantanin cell. Wadannan masu karɓa suna aiki kamar ƙulli, yayin da masu amfani da na'urar suna aiki kamar maɓallan. Masu ba da agajin gaggawa na iya damu da neuron da suke ɗaure ko hana shi.
Ka yi tunanin siginar jiji kamar alamar lantarki, da ƙananan hanyoyi kamar wayoyi. Synapses zai zama kantunan ko jigon jigon da ke haɗuwa a yanzu zuwa fitilar (ko wasu kayan aikin lantarki na zabarka), ƙyale fitilar zuwa haske.
Sassan Kungiyar
Synapses sun haɗa da sassa uku:
- Ƙarshe mai mahimmanci wanda ya ƙunshi neurotransmitters
- Hanya na synaptic tsakanin sassan jiki biyu
- Ƙarshen postynaptic wanda ya ƙunshi shafukan yanar gizo
Wani motsi na lantarki yana tafiya ne a cikin ƙananan ƙananan neuron sannan ya haifar da sakin ƙananan vesicles wanda ke dauke da neurotransmitters. Wadannan kwayoyin za su daure su zuwa membrane na tantanin kwayar halitta, da sake sakin masu zuwa a cikin ɓoye. Wadannan manzannin sunadarai sun ratsa synaptic shinge kuma suna haɗi da shafukan yanar gizo na karuwa a cikin kwayar cutar ta gaba, ta haifar da tasirin wutar lantarki wanda aka sani da yiwuwar aiki.
Iri
Akwai manyan synapses guda biyu:
Chemical Synapse: Na farko shi ne sinadarin sinadaran tare da aikin lantarki a cikin kwayoyin neuron da ke tattare da sakin manzannin sinadarai, masu neurotransmitters. Masu amfani da yada labarai suna yadawa a fadin tsaunuka kuma suna ɗaure ga masu karɓa na musamman na cell postsynaptic. Ƙaƙurin neurotransmitter to, ko dai yana motsa jiki ko ya hana injin na postsynaptic. Jin tausayi yana haifar da kwarewar aiki yayin da hanawa ya hana yaduwar sigina.
Hanyoyin wutar lantarki : A cikin wannan nau'i, ana amfani da igiyoyi guda biyu ta tashoshin musamman wanda aka sani da haɗin kai. Hanyoyin wutar lantarki suna ƙyale siginonin lantarki su yi tafiya da sauri daga cell kwayar halitta zuwa cell cell postsynaptic, hanzari da sauri don sauya sakonni. Ramin tsakanin wutar lantarki yana da ƙananan ƙanƙanci fiye da na synapse (game da 3.5 nanometers idan aka kwatanta da 20 nanometers). Tashoshin gina jiki na musamman waɗanda ke haɗa da kwayoyin halitta biyu sun sa ya yiwu ga samuwa mai kyau daga neuron mai yiwuwa don gudana kai tsaye a cikin cell postsynaptic.
Hanyoyi na synapses suna canja wurin sakonni da sauri fiye da sinadaran synapses. Duk da yake gudun watsawa a synapses sunadarai zai iya daukar nauyin milliseconds, watsawa a synapses na lantarki yana kusa da nan take.
Inda magungunan sinadarai na iya zama haɓaka ko hani, hanyoyin synapses na lantarki ne kawai kawai.
Duk da yake synapses yana da amfani da sauri, ƙarfin siginar yana raguwa yayin da yake tafiya daga tantanin halitta zuwa gaba. Saboda wannan asarar ƙarfin siginar, yana buƙatar mai girma neuron mai kula da kwayoyin halitta don tasiri da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Hanyoyin synapses na iya kasancewa da hankali, amma zasu iya aika sako ba tare da hasara a ƙarfin sigina ba. Ƙananan ƙananan maɓuɓɓuka masu magungunan ƙwayoyi suna iya rinjayar maɗauran ƙwayoyin sel.
Tarihi
An fara gabatar da kalmar synapse a shekara ta 1897 da likitan ilimin lissafi Michael Foster a cikin "Littafin rubutun halittu" kuma an samo daga synapsis na Helenanci, ma'anar "tare".
> Sources:
> Freberg LA. Binciken Ƙananan Yanayi . Boston: Cengage Learning. 2016.
> Freberg LA. Bincike Kimiyyar Halittar Halittu , Hanya na Biyu. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. 2010