Akwai bambance-bambance da yawa tsakanin kwayoyin cutar ciwon daji da kwayoyin halitta. Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambance sune sanannun, yayin da wasu an gano su kwanan nan kuma basu fahimta ba. Kuna iya sha'awar yadda kwayoyin cututtuka suka bambanta kamar yadda kake fama da ciwon kansa ko na abin ƙauna. Ga masu bincike, fahimtar yadda kwayoyin cututtuka ke aiki dabam dabam daga kwayoyin halitta suna shimfiɗa tushe don tasowa masu tasowa wanda aka tsara don kawar da jikin kwayoyin cutar ciwon daji ba tare da lalata kwayoyin halitta ba.
Sashi na farko na wannan jerin yayi bayani akan bambance-bambance na bambance-bambance tsakanin kwayoyin cutar kanjamau da kwayoyin lafiya. Ga wadanda suke da sha'awar wasu bambance-bambance masu wuya da fahimta, kashi na biyu na wannan jerin ya fi fasaha.
Bayanan taƙaitaccen bayanin sunadarai a jikin da ke tsara tsarin tantanin halitta yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar kwayoyin cutar kanjamau. DNA tana ɗauke da kwayoyin halitta wanda hakan shine tsari don sunadarin sunadaran jiki. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sunadarai sune abubuwan haɓaka, sunadaran da ke gaya wa sassan su raba da girma. Sauran sunadaran sunyi aiki don kare ci gaban. Saukewa da wasu kwayoyin (alal misali, hayaki na taba, radiation, radiation ultraviolet, da sauran carcinogens) na iya haifar da samar da sunadarai mara kyau. Yawancin mutane zasu iya samuwa, ko kuma bai isa ba, ko kuma zai iya kasancewa sunadarai ne kuma suna aiki daban.
Ciwon daji shine cututtukan ƙwayar cuta, kuma yawanci haɗuwa da wadannan haukarar da ke haifar da tantanin halitta mai rikitarwa, maimakon maye gurbi ko haɓakacciyar gina jiki.
Ciwon Cancer vs. Yanayin Yanayi
Da ke ƙasa akwai wasu manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin cutar ciwon daji, wanda ke biye da lissafin yadda mummunar ciwace-ciwacen suka yi girma da kuma amsa daban-daban ga wuraren su fiye da ciwon sukari.
- Tsarin -Normal sel dakatar da girma (sakewa) lokacin da yawancin kwayoyin sun kasance. Alal misali, idan ana samar da kwayoyin halitta don gyara fashe a cikin fata, sababbin kwayoyin halitta ba su sake samarwa idan akwai isasshen kwayoyin da zasu iya cika rami; lokacin da aka gyara aikin. Ya bambanta, kwayoyin ciwon daji ba su daina girma idan akwai cikakkun kwayoyin da suke samuwa. Wannan cigaba ci gaba yakan haifar da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta (ƙwayoyin ciwon daji) ana kafa. Kowace jinsin a cikin jiki yana ɗaukar wani tsari wanda ya ƙayyade furotin daban. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sunadarai sune abubuwan haɓaka, sunadaran da ke gaya wa kwayoyin girma da rabawa. Idan jinsin da ke ƙayyadad da daya daga cikin wadannan sunadaran sun kasance a cikin matsayi "a" ta hanyar maye gurbin (oncogene) -a ci gaba da ingantaccen sunadaran sunadarai. A sakamakon haka, kwayoyin suna ci gaba da girma.
- Sadarwa - Kwayoyin halitta ba sa hulɗa tare da wasu kwayoyin halitta kamar yadda kwayoyin halitta ke yi. Kwayoyin al'ada suna karɓar sakonnin da aka aika daga wasu kwayoyin da ke kusa da cewa suna cewa, "kun isa iyakokin ku." Lokacin da kwayoyin halitta sun ji "waɗannan sigina sun daina girma. Ciwon daji ba su amsa wadannan sigina ba.
- Tsare salula da mutuwar kwayar halitta -Ya yiwu a gyara ko kuma mutu (kwayoyin halitta) kawai (suna shan apoptosis) idan sun lalace ko tsufa. Ciyukan kankara ba su gyara ko kuma basu sha apoptosis. Alal misali, sunadaran da ake kira p53 yana da aikin dubawa idan an tantance tantanin halitta don gyara kuma idan haka, ba da shawara ga tantanin halitta don kashe kansa. Idan wannan furotin p53 ya kasance mahaukaci ko rashin aiki (alal misali, daga maye gurbi a cikin p53 ), to, an yarda da tsohuwar lalacewar ko kuma lalacewa. Kwayar p53 shine nau'i nau'i na tumo mai ciwon ƙwayar cuta wanda code don sunadaran da ke hana ci gaban kwayoyin halitta.
- Ƙarƙashin jiki -Normal sel suna ɓoye abubuwan dake sa su tsaya a cikin rukuni. Kwayoyin ciwon daji sun kasa yin waɗannan abubuwa, kuma zasu iya "fadowa" zuwa wuraren da ke kusa, ko ta hanyar jini ko tsarin hanyoyin tashar lymph zuwa yankuna masu nisa a cikin jiki.
- Ability na Metastasize (Yaɗa) -Yaran kwayoyin suna zama a cikin jiki inda suke. Alal misali, kwayoyin huhu sun kasance a cikin huhu. Ciwon daji, saboda sun rasa kwayoyin adhe wanda ke haifar da tsayawa, suna iya tafiya ta hanyar jini da kuma lymphatic tsarin zuwa wasu yankuna na jiki - suna da ikon yin matsala . Da zarar sun isa wani sabon yanki (irin su lymph nodes , huhu, hanta, ko kasusuwa) sai su fara girma, sukan haifar da ciwon sukari wanda aka cire daga ainihin ƙwayar. (Ƙara koyo game da yadda ciwon daji yake yadawa .)
- Bayyanar -Idan wani microscope, kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin cututtukan kwayoyin halitta na iya dubawa sosai. Ya bambanta da kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin cututtuka suna nuna yawancin sauƙi a cikin girman salula - wasu sun fi girma fiye da na al'ada kuma wasu suna karami fiye da al'ada. Bugu da ƙari, ciwon daji yana da nau'i nau'i, tantanin tantanin halitta, kuma daga tsakiya ("kwakwalwa" na tantanin halitta). Nau'in yana bayyana ya fi girma kuma ya fi duhu fiye da kwayoyin halitta. Dalilin dalili shine cewa kwayar cutar ciwon daji ta ƙunshi fiye da DNA. Kusa kusa, ciwon kanji yana da nau'in adadi na chromosomes wanda aka shirya a cikin hanyar da ba a tsara ba.
- Rawan ci gaba -Kunanan kwayoyin suna haifar da kansu kuma sai su dakatar da lokacin da yawan kwayoyin sun kasance. Kwayoyin ciwon daji sun haifa hanzari kafin sassan sun sami damar girma.
- Maturation -Normal sel sun yi girma. Ciwon daji, saboda suna girma da sauri kuma sun raba kafin kwayoyin sun cika girma, sun kasance balaga. Doctors yi amfani da kalma marar bambanci don bayyana kwayoyin halitta ba tare da dadewa ba (wanda ya bambanta da bambanta don bayyana karin kwayoyin halitta). Wata hanya ta bayyana wannan shine don duba kwayoyin cutar ciwon daji kamar kwayoyin da ba su "girma" da kuma kwarewa cikin kwayoyin tsofaffi. Matsayin maturation na sel yayi daidai da "sa" na ciwon daji . Ana cike da ciwo a kan sikelin daga 1 zuwa 3 tare da 3 kasancewa mafi m.
- Rashin tsarin tsarin rigakafi - Lokacin da kwayoyin halitta suka lalace, tsarin na rigakafi (via kwayoyin da ake kira lymphocytes) tana gano da kuma cire su. Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna iya yaduwa (trick) tsarin da ba su da magunguna har ya isa ya zama girma ta hanyar tacewa ta hanyar ganowa ta hanyar tserewa ko kuma ɓoye sinadarai wadanda ba su da kariya daga sel wanda ya zo wurin. Wasu daga cikin sababbin magungunan immunotherapy maganin wannan al'amari na kwayoyin cutar ciwon daji.
- Ayyukan aiki -Kunanan kwayoyin suna aiki da aikin da ake nufi don yin, yayin da kwayoyin cutar kanjamau bazai aiki ba. Alal misali, jinin jini mai tsabta na taimakawa wajen yaki da cututtuka. A cikin cutar sankarar bargo , yawan jinin jini zai iya zama mai girma, amma tun da kwayoyin jinin kullun ba su aiki kamar yadda ya kamata, mutane zasu iya zama cikin hatsarin kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta ko da tare da kididdigar jini mai tsabta. Hakanan zai iya zama gaskiya game da abubuwa da aka samar. Alal misali, al'ada thyroid kwayoyin samar da thyroid hormone. Magunguna thyroid kwayoyin ( thyroid ciwon daji ) bazai samar da hormone thyroid. A wannan yanayin, jiki na iya rashin isasshen hormone thyroid ( hypothyroidism ) duk da karuwar adadin thyroid.
- Samun jini - Angiogenesis shine tsari wanda sel ya jawo jini don yayi girma da kuma ciyar da nama. Kwayoyin al'ada sunyi aiki da ake kira angiogenesis kawai a matsayin ɓangare na ci gaban al'ada da ci gaba da kuma lokacin da ake buƙatar sabon nama don gyaran nama mai lalacewa. Ciwon daji suna shan angiogenesis ko da lokacin da girma bai zama dole ba. Ɗaya daga cikin irin maganin ciwon daji ya haɗa da yin amfani da magungunan angiogenesis-magunguna wanda ke toshe angiogenesis cikin jiki a cikin ƙoƙari na ci gaba da ciwon tumarin daga girma.
Ƙarin Bambancin Tsakanin Ciwon Kankara da ƙwayoyin Yanke
Jerin wannan ya ƙunshi ƙananan bambance-bambance tsakanin kwayoyin lafiya da ciwon daji. Ga wadanda suke so su yi watsi da waɗannan matakan fasaha, don Allah ka tsallake zuwa maɓallin na gaba mai suna labeled ta taƙaita bambance-bambance.
- Magunguna masu ci gaba da ɓarna -Dananan kwayoyin suna sarrafawa ta masu ci gaba (tumor). Akwai nau'o'in nau'i nau'in nau'in tumuttuka masu ciwon tumo wanda ke ƙayyade sunadarin sunadarai da suke hana girma. Wani abu yana gaya wa sel don ragewa da tsayar da rabawa. Ɗaya yana da alhakin gyarawa canje-canje a cikin lalacewar sel. Nau'in na uku shine ke kula da apoptosis da aka lura a sama. Hanyoyin da ke haifar da wani daga cikin wadannan kwayoyin cututtuka masu ciwon tumoci ba su da izinin ba da damar ƙwayoyin ciwon daji suyi girma.
- Ƙunƙamawa -Kunanan kwayoyin suna sauraron sakonni daga maƙwabtan da ke kusa da su kuma sun daina girma yayin da suke kwance a kan kayan kyamarar da ke kusa (wani abu da ake kira dagewar lamba.) Ciwon kwayar halitta ba su kula da waɗannan kwayoyin kuma sun kalubalanci kyamarorin da ke kusa. Magungunan benign (wadanda ba za su iya ba) sun sami matsular fibrous. Suna iya turawa da kayan kyamarar da ke kusa amma ba su yi mamayewa ba tare da wasu nau'in takalma. Ciwon daji, da bambanci, kada ku girmama iyakoki da kuma maganin ƙwayar cuta. Wannan yana haifar da tsinkayyen yatsa wanda aka lura da shi a kan rikice-rikicen maganin ciwon sukari. Kalmar maganin ciwon daji, a gaskiya, ya fito ne daga kalmar latsa don haguwa da aka yi amfani dashi don bayyana fasalin da ake yi na kamuwa da cututtuka a cikin takalma na kusa.
- Maganar Energy -Normal sun sami yawancin makamashin su (a cikin nau'in kwayoyin da ake kira ATP) ta hanyar tsarin da ake kira juzu'in Krebs, kuma kawai karamin adadin makamashi ta hanyar daban-daban tsarin da ake kira glycolysis. Ganin cewa kwayoyin halitta suna samar da yawancin makamashin su a gaban oxygen, kwayoyin ciwon daji ke samar da yawancin makamashin su idan babu oxygen. Wannan shi ne dalili a kan maganin cututtukan oxygen da aka yi amfani da su na gwaji (tare da sakamako mai banƙyama har ya zuwa yanzu) a wasu mutane da ciwon daji.
- Madawwama / Mutuwa ta Mutuwa - Tsuntsoyin halitta na jiki ne, wato, suna da kwarewa. Ba a tsara salula don rayuwa har abada, kuma kamar mutane da suke cikin, kwayoyin halitta sun tsufa. Masu bincike suna fara kallon wani abu da ake kira telomeres , sassan da ke riƙe DNA tare a ƙarshen chromosomes, saboda matsayinsu a ciwon daji. Daya daga cikin iyakancewa zuwa girma a cikin kwayoyin halitta shine tsawon masu telomeres. A duk lokacin da kwayar halitta ta rarraba, ana amfani da telomeres ya fi guntu. Lokacin da masu telomeres suka zama gajere, kwayar halitta ba ta iya rabawa kuma tantanin halitta ya mutu. Ciwon kankara sun ƙaddara wata hanya ta sabunta lelomeres don su ci gaba da raba. Wata enzyme da ake kira telomerase tana aiki don kara tsalle-tsalle don tantanin halitta zai iya raba tsakanin lokaci-lokaci-da gaske zama mutuwa.
- Abubuwan da za su iya "ɓoye" -Bayan mutane suna yin mamaki dalilin da yasa ciwon daji zai iya komawa shekaru, da kuma wasu lokutan da yawa bayan ya bayyana cewa ya tafi (musamman ma ciwon sukari irin su estrogen receptor mambobin nono). Bugu da ƙari, ana tunanin cewa akwai ciwon magungunan ciwon daji, tare da wasu kwayoyin jikinsu (ciwon daji yana sawa kwayoyin halitta) yana da ikon yin tsayayya da magani da kwanciya. Wannan wani bangare ne na bincike, kuma muhimmiyar mahimmanci.
- Ciwon kwayoyin halitta -Normal sel suna da DNA na al'ada da kuma yawan adadin chromosomes. Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna da nau'in ƙwayoyin chromosomes kuma DNA ya zama mahaukaci yayin da yake tasowa da yawa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan su ne maye gurbin direbobi, ma'anar suna fitar da canji na tantanin halitta don zama rikici. Yawancin maye gurbi su ne fasinjoji na fasinja, ma'ana basu da aikin kai tsaye ga cellular cancer. Ga wasu cututtuka, ƙayyade abin da masu maye gurbin suna (gabatar da kwayoyin ko gwajin kwayoyin ) ya ba da damar likitoci su yi amfani da magungunan da ake nufi da ciwon daji. Ci gaba da maganin kwantar da hankali irin su EGFR masu maganin cututtuka tare da maye gurbin EGFR yana daya daga cikin ci gaba da sauri da ci gaban ci gaban maganin ciwon daji.
Yawan Canjin da ake Bukata don Tsarin Zama Zama Mai Masa
Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, akwai bambanci tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin cutar kanjamau. Har ila yau, sananne shine adadin "shafuka" wanda ake buƙata a kewaye don tantanin tantanin halitta ya zama m.
- Tantanin yana buƙatar samun ci gaban abubuwan da ke haifar da shi don yayi girma ko da lokacin da girma bai zama dole ba.
- Dole ne Ubangiji ya guje wa sunadarai cewa kwayoyin halitta masu tsaida su daina girma kuma su mutu yayin da suka zama mahaukaci.
- Tantanin yana buƙatar kaucewa sigina daga wasu kwayoyin halitta,
- Kwayoyin suna buƙatar rasa "tsayawar jiki" (adhesion molecules) wanda kwayoyin halitta ke samar.
Dukkanin, yana da matukar wuya ga tantanin tantanin halitta ya zama mai wahala, wanda zai zama abin ban mamaki idan la'akari da cewa daya cikin maza biyu da daya daga cikin mata uku zasu ci gaba da ciwon daji a cikin rayuwarsu. Magana shine cewa a cikin jiki na al'ada, kimanin biliyan biliyan uku raba kowace rana. "Haɗari" a cikin haifuwa daga cikin kwayoyin da ke haifar da heredity ko carcinogens a cikin yanayi a lokacin duk wani ɓangaren na iya haifar da tantanin halitta, wanda zai biyo bayan ƙwayar maye gurbi, zai iya zama cikin ciwon daji.
Benign vs. Tumors Tumors
Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, akwai bambancin bambance-bambance a cikin kwayoyin cututtuka da kuma kwayoyin halitta wadanda suke da magungunan ƙwayar cuta. Bugu da kari, akwai hanyoyi da ciwon sukari da ke dauke da kwayar cutar ciwon daji ko ƙwayoyin jiki suna nunawa cikin jiki. Wasu daga cikin wadannan bambance-bambance daban-daban an lura a wannan labarin game da bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin mikama da m ciwon ƙwayoyi .
Manufar Ciwon Turawa Cutar Cancer
Bayan tattauna wadannan bambance-bambance daban-daban tsakanin kwayoyin cutar ciwon daji da kwayoyin halitta, zamuyi mamaki idan akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin kwayoyin cutar kanji. Wannan za'a iya samun matsayi na ciwon daji - wasu suna da ayyuka daban-daban fiye da wasu - shi ne tushen tattaunawa da ke kallon ciwon daji yana kama da kwayoyin kamar yadda aka tattauna a sama.
Har yanzu ba mu fahimci yadda kwayoyin ciwon daji ke iya ɓoyewa ba har tsawon shekaru ko shekarun da suka gabata sannan su sake dawowa. Wasu suna tsammanin cewa "generals" a matsayi na ciwon daji da ake magana da shi a matsayin ciwon daji na sukar kwayoyin halitta na iya zama mafi tsayayya ga jiyya kuma suna da ikon yin kwanciya lokacin da wasu kwayoyin cutar kanjamau suka shafe ta hanyar jiyya kamar chemotherapy. Duk da yake muna bi da dukan kwayoyin cutar kanjamau a matsayin ƙwayar cuta, yana iya yiwuwa a nan gaba za a dauki wasu bambance-bambance a cikin kwayoyin cututtuka a cikin mutum.
Gaba na Ƙasa akan Bambancin Tsakanin Tsarin Halitta da Ƙwayoyin Cutar Cancer
Mutane da yawa sunyi takaici, suna mamaki dalilin da yasa ba mu gano hanyar da za ta dakatar da dukan ciwon daji a waƙoƙin su ba. Ganin yawancin canje-canje da kwayar halitta ta ɗauka a cikin hanyar zama kwayar cutar ciwon daji zai iya taimakawa wajen bayyana wasu daga cikin mawuyacin hali. Babu mataki ɗaya, amma mutane da yawa, wanda ake magana da su yanzu a hanyoyi daban-daban. Baya ga wannan, yana da mahimmanci a gane cewa ciwon daji ba wata cuta guda ba ne, amma dai yawancin cututtuka daban-daban. Kuma ko da magunguna biyu da suke daidai da nau'i da mataki, na iya nuna hali daban. Idan akwai mutane 200 da irin wannan ciwon da ciwon daji ke ciki a cikin ɗaki, za su sami ciwon maganin cutar 200 daban-daban daga yanayin kwayoyin.
Yana da taimako, duk da haka, don sanin cewa yayin da muke koyon ƙarin bayani game da abin da ke haifar da kwayar cutar ciwon daji, zamu sami karin haske game da yadda za'a dakatar da wannan tantanin halitta daga sake haifuwa, kuma watakila ma yin canji don zama ciwon daji a cikin farko wuri. An ci gaba da cigaba a wannan fagen, kamar yadda aka tsara ciwon dabarun ci gaba wadda ke nuna bambancin tsakanin kwayoyin cutar kanjamau da kuma kwayoyin halitta a cikin hanyar su. Kuma bincike game da rigakafi yana da kyau sosai, yayin da muke neman hanyoyin da za mu "tada" tsarin mu na rigakafi don yin abin da suka san yadda za su yi. Nemo kwayoyin ciwon daji kuma kawar da su. Tambaya akan hanyoyin da kwayoyin ciwon daji ke "ɓoye" da kansu da kuma ɓoye sun haifar da magani mafi kyau, da kuma cikakkiyar tsaftacewa, ga wasu mutane da ciwon sukari da suka fi dacewa.
> Sources:
> DeBaradinis, R. et al. Da ilmin halitta na ciwon daji: na rayuwa reprogramming habaka cell girma da kuma yaduwa. Cell Metabolism . 2008. 7 (1): 11-20.
> Cibiyar Cancer ta Kasa. SELE Training Module. Cell Biology na Ciwon daji. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/disease/cancer/biology/
> Cibiyar Cancer ta Kasa. Mene ne Ciwon Cutar? Updated 02/09/15. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer
> Nio, K., Yamashita, T., da kuma S. Kaneko. Manufar Juyin Halitta Tsarin Cutar Cancer. Ciwon daji na kwayoyin halitta . 2017. 16 (1): 4.