Yara da ƙwayar yara da yawa suna rikicewa tare da TDaP
Kwayar DTaP ita ce maganin alurar rigakafin da ake amfani dasu don rigakafin yara da yawa daga cututtuka daban-daban: diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (coughing).
Bai kamata damu da maganin rigakafi na DTP ba wanda ke yin rigakafi da irin wannan cututtuka amma ba a amfani dashi a Amurka. Hakazalika, maganin TDaP yana dauke da cututtuka guda ɗaya amma ana amfani dashi ne kawai ga yara da tsofaffi.
Me yasa DTaP Sauya DTP?
Cutar rigakafi na DTP ya kasance tun daga shekarar 1949 kuma yana daya daga cikin na farko don hada kwayoyi masu yawa a cikin allura. Ya hade da maganin alurar rigakafi (halitta a shekara ta 1914) tare da maganin alurar rigakafi (1926) da kuma rigakafin tetanus (1938). DTP ya nuna babban mawuyacin hali wajen rigakafin wadannan cututtuka, rage yawan abin da ke faruwa a shekara ta 1940 zuwa kimanin 20,000 a yau.
Duk da nasarar da ya samu, illar cutar ta DTP ya haifar da raguwar amfani da shi, wanda ya haifar da kara yawan cututtuka da cututtuka a ƙarshen karni na 20.
Don magance wadannan ɓarna, masana kimiyya sun samo asali mafi aminci a cikin 1999 da aka sani da maganin DTaP. A "a" a cikin DTaP ya wuce abin da ke faruwa. An yi amfani dashi don bayyana sashin maganin alurar rigakafi. Wani maganin alurar rigakafi, ta ma'anarsa, ita ce wadda aka yi amfani da wani ɓangaren kwakwalwa maimakon wani abu mai ƙazantaccen cell .
Yayinda yawancin allurar rigakafin kwayoyin halitta suke da lafiya da tasiri, yin amfani da dukan kwakwalwar yana nufin cewa suna cikin cikin mafi yawan maganin alurar rigakafi. A cikin yanayin ƙwayar cuta, ƙananan kwasfa na kwayoyin sun hada da ƙwayoyi da polysaccharides wadanda basu da ma'ana, ma'anar za su iya haifar da ƙonewar jiki, jiki duka.
Saboda haka, yara sun ba da maganin rigakafi na DTP a wasu lokutan da aka sani sun sami babban zazzabi, fursunonin furen ( maganin zazzaɓi), har ma da kunya.
Kwayar DTaP, ta bambanta, kawai ya ƙunshi ɓangarorin antigenic na sel. Antigens sunadaran sunadarai ne wanda tsarin yadawa yayi amfani da su don ganowa da kuma fara farmaki kan abin da ya cutarwa. (Ka yi la'akari da su a matsayin "ƙanshi" na kwakwalwa maimakon magungunan kanta.) Ta wajen cire endotoxins da yin amfani da antigens kawai, maganin DTaP zai iya haifar da ba da amsa ga abubuwa masu yawa.
Saboda haka ne Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC) ta bada shawarar cewa maye gurbin Dutar ta DTP ta DTaP a 1996.
Cututtuka da maganin rigakafi
Dipheria, tetanus, da pertussis duk cututtuka ne da kwayoyin cutar ke haifar da, idan ba a hana su ba, zai iya haifar da rashin lafiya da rashin lafiya. Duka da kuma pertussis suna yada daga mutum zuwa mutum. Tetanus ya shiga jiki ta hanyar cuts ko raunuka.
- Abun ƙwayar cuta yana haifar da kwayoyin Corynebacterium diphtheriae . Ana sauƙi yada ta hanyar tari, sneezing, ko kuma kai tsaye kai tsaye tare da abin da aka gurbata, kamar abun wasa. Kwana biyu zuwa kwana uku bayan watsawa, toxins daga kwayoyin za su iya haifar da bayyanar cututtuka (ciki har da lokacin farin ciki, launi mai launin toka a cikin hanci ko wuya), raunana, ƙwayoyin lymph namu, da zazzaɓi. Idan ya shiga jini, zai iya lalata zuciya, kodan, da jijiyoyi.
- Tetanus yana haifar da kwayoyin Clostridium tetani , waxanda aka samu a cikin ƙasa, ƙura, da taki. Jirgin ya shiga cikin jiki ta hanyar karye fata, sau da yawa idan abu mai gurɓata ya yi kama fata kamar ƙusa. Tetanus ana kiransa "lockjaw" saboda yana iya haifar da tsokar tsutsa. Wannan zai haifar da matsalolin lafiyar lafiya, yana da wuya a numfasawa har ma da haɗi.
- Kullun yana haifar da kwayoyin cutar Bordetella pertussis wanda ke da alaka da ƙananan ƙwayoyin jiki, wanda ake kira cilia) wadda ke layi na fili na respiratory. Kwayoyin kwayoyin sun kwantar da gubobi wanda ba wai kawai lalacewa ba amma ya sa jirgin sama ya kara. Kamar diphtheria, ana iya yaduwa ta hanyar tari, sneezing, ko kuma kasancewa a cikin sararin samaniya na tsawon lokaci. Kwayar cututtuka suna bayyana a cikin kwanaki biyar zuwa 10 na daukan hotuna kuma zasu iya haɗawa da zazzabi, rashin ƙarfi (hauka a numfashi), vomiting, gajiya, da kuma halayyar halayen "wandaoping". Ciwon huhu yana iya ci gaba.
Wanene ya Kamata Samun Cutar DTaP?
Saboda sunayensu suna kama da haka, mutane basu tabbas idan suna buƙatar maganin DTaP ko TDaP. Bugu da ƙari, akwai kuma maganin rigakafin DT da Td, waɗanda ake amfani dasu don hana kawai tetanus da diphtheria.
Babban bambanci a cikin wadannan maganin yana cikin wadanda suka dace. Kamar yadda shawarar CDC:
- An bada shawarar DTaP akan yara a ƙarƙashin bakwai kuma suna dauke da antigens mafi kyau don inganta tsaro.
- DT an bada shawarar ga yara a karkashin bakwai wanda aka yi wa maganin alurar riga kafi (yawanci saboda an sami amsawar rashin lafiyan baya).
- TDaP wata maganin rigakafi ne da aka ba wa yara fiye da bakwai da manya kuma yana buƙatar adanan antigens don bunkasa kariya.
- Td ne maganin alurar rigakafin da aka bai wa matasa da kuma manya waɗanda zasu iya zama ƙananan haɗarin pertussis.
Ana yin lasisin DTaP a karkashin sunayen Daptacel da Infarix. An riga an sayar da maganin TDaP a ƙarƙashin Adacel da Boosterix. A halin yanzu, ana sayar da maganin Td ne a ƙarƙashin sunan Tenivac, yayin da maganin ta DT yana samuwa a kowane fanni.
Akwai kuma maganin alurar rigakafin da ke karewa daga waɗannan da sauran cututtuka. Sun hada da Kinrix (DTaP da Polio), Pediarix (DTaP, Polio, da ciwon haifa B), da kuma Pentacel (DTaP, Polio, da Haemophilus influenzae type b).
Lissafi na rigakafi
Ana ba da maganin rigakafi na DTaP a matsayin injection intramuscular, wanda aka ba da shi ga ƙwayar cinya na waje a cikin jarirai da yara ƙanana ko tsofaffin tsoka na babba a cikin matasa da manya. Lambar da jadawalin sasai ya bambanta ta hanyar shekaru da yanayi na mutum:
- Ga jarirai, an raba hotuna guda biyar guda biyu, hudu, da watanni shida, tsakanin watanni 15 zuwa 18, kuma tsakanin hudu zuwa shida. Ya kamata a ba da wani sakamako mai kyau na Tdap lokacin da yaron ya kasance 11 zuwa 12. Za a iya ba da Td mai girma a kowace shekara 10 bayan haka.
- Ga tsofaffi waɗanda basu rigakafin rigakafi ba, za'a iya amfani da TDaP guda ɗaya. Dole ne a ba da kyautar Td mai ban sha'awa a kowace shekaru 10.
- Bugu da ƙari, mata masu ciki za su sami kashi daya daga cikin Tdap, zai fi dacewa a gwanin 27 zuwa 36.
Hanyoyin Gaba
Sakamakon lalacewa daga maganin DTaP zai kasance mai laushi kuma yana iya hada da:
- Low-sa zazzabi
- Redness, kumburi, ciwo, ko tausayi a wurin ginin
- Ciwon kai
- Haƙuri
Kwayoyin cututtuka suna haifar da daya zuwa kwana uku bayan harbi kuma sun fi kowa bayan na hudu ko na biyar injections. Kusawa zai yi la'akari daya cikin kwana bakwai. Kusan, zubar da jini zai iya faruwa.
> Sources:
> Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC). "Turawa, Tetanus, da Pertussis Vaccine Recommendations." Atlanta, Jojiya; sabunta Nuwamba 22, 2016.
> CDC. "Sunan Lissafin Amurka." Updated Disamba 11, 2017.
> Klein, N. "Yarda da maganin alurar rigakafi a Amurka." Hum Kanada Immunother. 2014; 10 (9): 2684-90. DOI: 10.4161 / hv.29576.