Yawancin karatu da darajar "birni mafi kyau" sun gano cewa birane da ƙauyuka da matakan da suka fi dacewa da sauƙi sune wadanda ke da mafi yawan ƙananan kiba.
Wani sabon tsarin motar birane da ake kira New Urbanism ya ci gaba tare da manufofin inganta lafiyar jama'a da kuma sauran biranen da ke cikin al'amuran muhalli, kuma bayanan bayanan sun nuna cewa wannan motsi zai iya tasiri da yawan nauyin kiba da kiba .
Menene Ya Sa Makwabci Kan Yi Magana?
Kalmar "walwability ta unguwa" tana nufin yadda zai iya yiwuwa ku iya tafiya zuwa kantin sayar da gida, makarantu, da kuma wuraren shakatawa a cikin ku. Hanyoyi irin su layi da kuma hanyoyin zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa suna sauƙaƙe wannan, kuma hakan yana da shirye-shiryen samun daidaitattun kasuwanni a cikin nisa.
Menene Yanayin Ƙauye na Yanayi na Yanzu?
A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, mafi yawancin manya sun karbi salon zama na yau da kullum wanda ke da dangantaka da wani nau'i mai mahimmanci na aikin jiki.
Yawan aikin jiki wanda aka fi dacewa da mafi yawan jagorancin kasa da na ƙasashen duniya shine akalla minti 30 na aikin jiki na tsaka-tsaka na akalla kwanaki 5 a kowace mako. Duk da haka, bincike da yawa ya nuna cewa kasancewa aiki a ko'ina cikin yini shine daya daga cikin hanyoyin mafi kyau don hana cututtukan cututtuka irin su cututtukan zuciya, ciwon sukari, bugun jini, da ciwon daji.
Nazarin ya nuna cewa mafi yawancin manya ba su hadu da shawarwarin yau da kullum game da aikin jiki ba, da yawa da shawarar da za a ci gaba da aiki a ko'ina cikin yini. Kuma ci gaba da bincike ya nuna cewa dacewa da rayuwarmu na yau da kullum, kamar tafiya ta hanyar mota da kayan aiki na tebur, haɗuwa don sa mu zama mafi tsauraran ra'ayi kuma, daga baya, na taimaka wa annobar cutar.
Mene ne Sabuwar Urbanism?
Kamar yadda aka gani a sama, New Urbanism wani shiri ne na birane na yau da kullum wanda ke da nasaba da ci gaba da inganta koshin lafiya da kuma karin birane da yankunan birane.
Kamar yadda muka gani a newurbanism.org, "zayyana manyan wurare don jin dadi da jin dadi ga mai tafiya yana daya daga cikin muhimman al'amura na New Urbanism."
Aikin New Urbanism yana kokarin samar da birane "tare da dukkanin hanyoyin sadarwa na tituna, wanda aka sani da biranen ƙauyuka." Saboda haka, tare da ƙarfafawa akan abubuwan da ke sa birane su zama masu sa ido da kuma karfafa tafiya don yawancin wurare na yau da kullum, shirin New Urbanism zai iya yin Hakanan mafi girma daga aikin jiki shine al'ada na yau da kullum.
Masu ba da shawara ga New Urbanism sun lura cewa "iya samun damar yin tafiya zuwa ɗakunan shaguna, gidajen cin abinci, gidajen jaridu, gidajen kofi da kasuwanni masu budewa a cikin unguwanni na motocin motoci da kuma cibiyoyin aiki suna ba da mafi kyawun rayuwa."
Wasu sun ma kira ga dukkanin yankunan birane su zama masu tafiya kawai, tare da haɗin kai tsaye zuwa layin jiragen kasa don zirga-zirga mai nisa.
Mene ne Ma'anar Tsarin Layi?
Tare da irin wannan manufa kamar New Urbanism, Active Design shi ne, bisa ga Cibiyar Gudanarwar Zane, "wata hanyar shaida ta ci gaban da ke gano tsarin birane da gyare-gyare na gine-gine don tallafa wa al'ummomin lafiya."
Bugu da ƙari, wannan aikace-aikace ne na ra'ayin da za a tsara ƙauyuka, al'ummomi, har ma da gine-gine na mutum don haka ana ƙarfafa mutane su zama masu aiki a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum-kamar yadda ka'idodin alaƙa na unguwa, alal misali.
Abin sha'awa, An yi wahayi ne game da Active Active ba kawai ta hanyar annoba ba, amma ta hanyar cututtukan cututtuka na annoba. Kamar yadda Cibiyar Gudanarwa ta Nuni ta bayyana, Lissafin Lissafi ya gina "ainihin zane wanda ke tasiri lafiyar jama'a a karni na 19 kamar yadda aka gane ta hanyar rage yawan cututtuka."
A cikin karni na 19, kawar da tsabtatawa da tsabtatawa mara kyau wanda ke hade da kayan aiki da sauran ƙananan gidaje sun haifar da raguwar cututtukan cututtuka irin su tarin fuka, cholera, typhoid, da sauransu.
Ana fatan cewa, ta hanyar amfani da sabon bincike na kiwon lafiya, ana iya amfani da ka'idodin ka'idojin irin wannan a cikin zamani na yaki da kiba.
Yaya Za a Taimakawa Taimakawa Da Cutar Ƙari?
Abinda aka sani da yanayin tafiya-tafiya ko motsa jiki, alal misali-suna da amfani da kiwon lafiya mafi girma fiye da motar mota , kuma mafi girma ga iya hana kiba.
A cikin nazarin daya da ke kallon yanayin kai tsaye (wanda aka kebanta a matsayin sufuri, sufuri na jama'a, da kuma safarar sufuri) a cikin mutane fiye da 15,000 na Birtaniya, waɗanda suka yi tafiya ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin sufuri da kuma hanyoyin jama'a suna da matsananciyar jiki index (BMI) fiye da waɗanda suka yi amfani da sufuri kai tsaye. (Hannun motoci na iya haɗawa da motar mota da motar motar motar, misali.)
Ba wai kawai wadanda suka yi tafiya ba ko kuma sunyi aiki tare ko kuma wani ɓangare na hanyar yin aiki - kamar yadda mutum zai iya yin ta hanyar wajibi yayin yin amfani da hanyoyi na jama'a - suna da ƙananan BMI, amma kuma suna da kashi ɗaya cikin dari na jiki mai kama da waɗanda suka yi aiki amfani da motoci masu zaman kansu. Dukkanin maza da mata an sami su sami amfanin amfanin yanayin sufuri.
Wani binciken da ya dubi mutane fiye da 100,000 da ke zaune a cikin birni da kewayen birni na Ontario, Kanada, sun hada da titin Street Smart Walk Score®, wadda mawallafin binciken suka bayyana a matsayin "ma'auni mai yawa na walwability."
Bisa ga wannan Walk Score®, masu bincike sun sanya unguwannin da ke kan ka'idodin gidan waya a cikin kashi biyar daga cikin kullun wallafe-wallafe, "yana fitowa ne daga motar mota ta '' Walker 'na Aljanna.'" An gano mahalarta wadanda suka zauna a wuraren da ke motsa jiki. ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan rashin zama ko ƙananan ƙari kamar yadda aka kwatanta da waɗanda suke zaune a cikin yankunan "Walker's Paradise".
Bugu da ƙari kuma, mazauna mazaunin "Walker na Aljannah" sun nuna cewa suna tafiya ne don amfani fiye da abubuwan da suka dace-tafiya don samun kayan cin abinci, alal misali, maimakon kawai don yin tafiya. Wadannan mazaunin sun gano kimanin kilogiram na kilogiram (6,6 lbs.) Kasa da waɗanda suka zauna a wuraren da ke da mota.
A cikin bin bin binciken Kanada, masu bincike sun ruwaito a cikin Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) cewa yawan mutanen da ke cikin yanki sun haɗu da ƙananan ƙananan kiba da kiba da kuma rage yawan ciwon sukari a cikin shekarun da aka yi nazarin. (2001 zuwa 2012). Masu bincike sun lura cewa ana bukatar ƙarin nazarin don ganowa da kuma tabbatar da tasirin ka'idodin Yanayin Active Active da wallafe-wallafe a kan cututtuka kamar kiba da ciwon sukari.
Sauran bincike sun nuna cewa an inganta karfin jinin jini da halayen mairobic a cikin mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan da ke kusa da shi. Lalle ne, sauƙin aiki na tafiya yau da kullum yana daya daga cikin canje-canje na salon da aka sani don inganta karfin jini.
Kuma bincike ya haifar da wasu sha'anin kiwon lafiyar na tsawon minti 30: a cikin Nurses 'Health Study, alal misali, wadanda suka yi tafiya briskly ko kuma sun cimma aikin motsa jiki na tsawon minti 30 a kowace rana suna da mummunar haɗari na kwatsam. mutuwar zuciya a cikin shekaru 26 da biyo baya.
Misalan Duniya na Gida Masu Mahimmanci
A cewar New Urbanism site, duka Venice, Italiya da Copenhagen, Denmark ne misalai mafi kyau na "manyan biranen biranen."
Daga cikin manyan birane na duniya, Venice yana da mafi yawan hanyoyin sadarwa na tituna wanda ba shi da kyauta daga motoci.
Babban titin gargajiya na Copenhagen, Stroget, ya zama mai tafiya a cikin shekaru 40 da suka wuce, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin, masu tsara gari sun ci gaba da yin aiki don canza birnin daga kasancewa da motar mota don kasancewa mafi tsayi.
Matakan da masu tsara shirin na Copenhagen suka dauka don cimma wannan canji sun haɗa da hada da tituna zuwa hanyoyin ketare, hanyar tura motoci a filin wasa, inganta cigaba da karfin hawa a matsayin babbar hanyar sufuri, da kuma ginawa a sikelin "mai zurfi da ƙananan," ma'anar low-rise, densely dakushe gine-gine ne ni'ima.
Wadannan matakai suna nuna ka'idodi na New Urbanism, wanda ke nufin ƙirƙira da sake mayar da "ƙaura, ƙauyuka, ƙananan garuruwa da birane waɗanda ke ba da kyakkyawan rayuwa ta hanyar samar da sabon zabi don rayuwa," kamar yadda shafin New Urbanism ya lura.
Daga cikin birane a Arewacin Amirka, wa] anda ke da mafi Girma Scores sun ha] a da biranen Amirka na Birnin New York (kashi 89), San Francisco (86), Boston (81), Philadelphia (78), da Miami (78).
A Kanada, waɗanda suke da mafi Girma Scores su ne garuruwan Vancouver (tare da kashi 78), Toronto (71), da Montreal (70).
A Amurka, mafi yawan ƙauyuka da ke cikin biranen sun kasance waɗanda suke da mafi girman Walk Scores, suna jaddada tasiri mai kyau da ƙirar birni da shirin gari zasu iya yi a kan walkability. Alal misali, walkscore.com ya kirkira New York, San Francisco, Boston, Gundumar Columbia, da kuma Philadelphia a matsayin birane 5 mafi yawancin biranen.
San Francisco da Boston kuma sun kasance a cikin manyan biranen bike-bike biyar.
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