Glandar thyroid gwanin mai launin fata ne, kimanin 2 inci mai faɗi da kuma yin la'akari da 10 zuwa 20 grams, wanda yake a gindin wuyansa a gaban gefen trachea (windpipe). Ayyukansa shine don yin hormones waɗanda suke da muhimmanci sosai ga tsarin jiki da sauran ayyuka masu mahimmanci.
Hakanan biyu sunadarai da gwargwadon gwiwar thyroxine (T4) da triiodothyronine (T3) - da nufin daidaitawa, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, zuciya, nauyin jiki, ƙarfin tsoka, numfashi, yanayin jiki, matakin jinin jini, hawan tsawa, da tsarin mai juyayi, da kuma kuzarin makamashi.
A cikin jarirai, hawan gwiwar thyroid suna da muhimmanci ga ci gaba da kwakwalwa da kuma skeletal system. Sabili da haka, yin amfani da glandon thyroid gwaninta yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaba na al'ada na yara, da kuma zaman lafiya na tsawon lokaci da na minti daya na manya.
Abin da Thyroid Gland Shin
Yana da aikin da thyroid gland shine don samar da thyroid hormones, T3 da T4. Sakamakon bambanci na hormones na thyroid shine cewa suna dauke da Atoms-Iodine-T3 suna da nau'o'in amincin amincin uku, kuma T4 na da hudu. Sabili da haka, nauyin gwiwar thyroid yana da mahimmanci a ƙwarewarsa don ɗaukar iodine daga jini, don yada shi a cikin kwayoyin thyroid.
Duk T4 a cikin jiki ana haifar da glandon thyroid - kimanin 80 zuwa 100 mcg kowace rana. Kusan sau 10 adadi na T4 (game da 1000 mcg) yana rarraba cikin jini. Fiye da kashi 99 cikin dari na T4 yana kewaye da sunadarin sunadarai a cikin plasma (babba, zuwa thyroid-binding globulin, TBG).
Sai kawai ƙananan rabo na rarraba T4 wanda ba shi da cikakkun ("kyauta" T4) yana samuwa don amfani.
Kimanin kashi 10 cikin dari na T4 masu rarraba (kwatankwacin adadin sabon T4 wanda aka fitar yau da kullum ta glandon thyroid) an lalata kowace rana. Yawanci, kimanin rabin wannan adadin ya tuba zuwa T3 (ta hanyar cirewa daga daya daga cikin mahadar iodine), kuma sauran ya juya zuwa " baya T3 " (rT3, ta hanyar cirewa daga atomin dinin daga wani wuri daban).
T3 shi ne hormone thyroid, yayin da rT3 ya kasance ba shi da aiki.
Kusan kashi 20 cikin dari na T3 a cikin jiki ana haifar da glandon thyroid. Sauran kashi 80 an samar daga T4 a cikin kyallen takalma-musamman ta kodan, hanta, tsoka, kwakwalwa, fata, da kuma ƙwayar cuta. Jimlar yawan T3 a kowace rana shine kimanin 30-40 mcg, kuma mafi yawan T3 a waje na glandon thyroid suna cikin jikin jikin. T3 yana ƙasƙantar da sauri fiye da T4.
Hanyar da za a yi amfani da hormonal thyroid shine amfani da T4 don zama "pro-hormone" don T3-wato, don tunawa da T4 kamar yadda ya haɗa da babban tafkin "T3". Kamar adadin T4 ne kawai ya canza a daidai lokacin dacewa zuwa T3, bisa ga bukatun jiki na minti daya zuwa minti. T3 to aikin ne. Don hana haɗuwa da yawa mai yawa T4, "Tsira" T4 ya koma zuwa rT3 mai aiki, wanda yakamata ya hadu da kyallen takarda.
Abin da kawancin Thyroid Hormones Yake Yi
Da mahimmanci, hawan gwargwadon thyroid-musamman, T3-kai tsaye kan sarrafa yawancin sunadarai da kwayoyin jikin suka yi. T3 yayi wannan ta hanyar ɗaurin DNA.
Free T4 da kyauta T3 da ke gudana a cikin jini suna samuwa don shiga cikin jikin jiki a duk lokacin da ake bukata.
Wasu daga cikin T4 masu ciwon ciki sun tuba zuwa T3, wasu daga cikin T3 sun danganta zuwa wasu T3-masu karɓar maganin a cikin kwayar halitta. Wannan ƙaddarar ta T3 ta sa makaman nukiliya ta DNA ta ƙarfafa (ko hana) samar da wasu sunadarai.
Dabbobi daban-daban a cikin jiki suna da nau'o'in masu karɓa na T3-nukiliya, kuma a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban, saboda haka sakamakon T3 a kan kwayar halitta mai sauƙi ne daga nama zuwa nama, kuma a cikin yanayi daban-daban. Duk da haka, a cikin duk yanayi lokuttan hormones sunyi aiki ta hanyar sarrafa halittar DNA, haifar da shi don karawa ko rage jinkirin samar da wasu sunadarai masu mahimmanci.
Daga cikin wadannan sunadaran sunadaran enzymes wanda, a gefe guda, suna gudanar da halayen ayyuka masu yawa na jiki.
Yadda ake tsara tsarin Thyroid
Kamar yadda muka gani, damun maganin karoid yana da mahimmanci a cikin tsawon lokaci da kuma minti daya zuwa minti na yawancin ayyuka na jiki. Duk lokacin da tsarin ilimin lissafi ya zama mahimmanci, zamu ga cewa yanayi ya samar da tsari na tsari, da nufin tabbatar da cewa tsarin yana sauraron aikata abin da ya kamata ya yi, kuma cewa ana gudanar da aikinsa a cikin iyakar kewayon. Wadannan hadaddun yadudduka na ƙayyadadden tsari suna aiki sosai a tsarin thyroid.
Bari mu yi la'akari a kan manyan "layers" na thyroid tsari.
Aikin Pituitary-Thyroid. A pituitary-thyroid axis bayar da iko iko a kan thyroid gland shine gland kanta kanta. Gwaran gwanin (glandin dake cikin zurfin kwakwalwa) ya sake TSH, ko maganin horroone mai maganin thyroid. TSH yana haifar da ƙwayar thyroid gland shine ƙara yawan kayan aiki da saki T3 da T4. A lokaci guda kuma, watau hormone thyroid (musamman, T3) ya hana TSH ta hanyar pituitary, ta haka ne ya haifar da maɓallin amsa kuskure. Saboda haka, yayin da matakan T3 ya karu, matakan TSH sun faɗi. Wannan maɓallin amsawa yana aiki don ci gaba da samar da hormone thyroid ta glandon thyroid a cikin kunkuntar kewayon.
Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis. Saki TSH ta wurin glandan kwakwalwa, baya ga amsawa zuwa T3, an tsara shi ta hanyar sakin TRH (Harshen-release-hormone) ta hypothalamus. Saki TRH ta hypothalamus yana haifar da gland shine ya saki karin TSH, sabili da haka, ya kara yawan hawan gwiwar karamar jinin ka daga glandon thyroid.
Halin hypothalamus wani ɓangare ne na kwakwalwa wanda yake jagorancin ayyuka na asali na jiki, irin su rawaya circadian, tsarin neuroendocrin, tsarin kulawa mai zaman kanta, da sauransu. Halin hypothalamus yayi amsa ga yawan abubuwan da suka faru ciki har da haske da duhu, ƙanshi, muryar kai tsaye, hanyoyi masu yawa, damuwa da motsin rai, da kuma hanyoyi na jiki daga zuciya da gut.
Sabili da haka, maganin horroone ne kawai ba dogara ne akan TSH ba, amma yana dogara da abin da hypothalamus shine "tunani da ji" game da yanayin yanayin jiki da yanayin.
Tsarin Rinin Labaran Thyroid Hormones. Kamar yadda aka ambata, fiye da 99% na hormone thyroid a cikin wurare dabam dabam yana da alaka da sunadarai cikin jini, musamman ga TBG. Bugu da ƙari, nauyin hormone mai nauyin gina jiki mai gina jiki yana aiki. T4 da T3 kawai suna da kowane aikin likiologic.
Wannan sinadarin gina jiki na hormones thyroid yana aiki da wasu ayyuka masu mahimmanci. Yana bayar da babban tafki na tudun T4 don kare kariya ta hanyar kwantar da hankali a cikin aikin glandon thyroid, yayin da yake riƙe da ƙananan ƙaddara na T3 da T4 kyauta a cikin ƙananan iyaka.
Idan ba a samo tafkiyar T4 ɗin ba, za a hana kyallen takalmin hormone a cikin 'yan sa'o'i kadan, idan glanden karoid ya zama ba aikin aikin ɗan lokaci ba.
Amfanin gina jiki na hormones na thyroid kuma yana kare kariya a kan tarin hanzari cikin tarin T3, idan yaduwar takalma ta karu da karuwar T4 zuwa T3.
Dokar Intracellular na Thyroid Hormones . Kamar yadda muka gani, T3 da T4 sunyi muhimmin aiki a cikin sel. Ayyukan su na yau da kullum a cikin sel-ciki har da sufuri su a cikin tantanin halitta daga jini zuwa ciki cikin sel, fasalin T4 zuwa T3, ƙetare T3 zuwa tsakiya ta tantanin halitta, da kuma ɗaurin T3 zuwa DNA-yana dogara ne akan dubban tsarin sunadarai da sufuri masu tafiya a cikin sel wanda aka gano su da halaye.
Takaitaccen . An kafa tsarin maganin thyroid a matakan da yawa. Ana samun matakan ƙananan mahimmanci ta hanyar tsaka-tsakin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta, wanda (tare da yanayin da aka bayar ta hypothalamus don la'akari da cikakken kima na buƙatun buƙatun jiki), ya ƙayyade yawan nauyin hawan karoid da glandon karo ya haifar da sake sakewa. Matakan da ke yaduwa da kwayoyin cututtukan thyroid wadanda suke samuwa ga kyallen takalma suna tsallaka, a kan minti daya zuwa minti daya, ta hanyar TBG da sauran maganin jinin jini. Kuma, a kan hanzari na ainihi, ainihin ɗaurin T3 ga masu karɓar T3-nukiliya, a shafin yanar gizo na DNA, ya bayyana cewa yawancin sunadaran sunadaran sunadaita. Wannan tsarin tsari yana tabbatar da cewa yalwacin hormone na thyroid yana samuwa a kowane lokaci zuwa kyallen takarda, amma a lokaci guda yana ba da izini na kirkirar ƙwayar thyroid-DNA a cikin kwayoyin halitta.
Dama na Thyroid
Wannan tsari ne mai yawa, a duk matakan matakai. Kuma yana nufin cewa rikitarwa na thyroid zai iya faruwa tare da cututtuka da ke shafar glandar karoid, ko tare da yanayin da ke shafi hypothalamus, pituitary, ko sunadarai na jini, ko ma tare da nakasa wanda zai shafi maganin hormones ta jikin nau'o'in jikin.
Gaba ɗaya, cututtuka na maganin thyroid din suna haifar da aikin thyroid don zama ko dai underactive ( hypothyroid ), ko overactive ( hyperthyroid ). Bugu da ƙari ga waɗannan matsaloli na gaba, glandan thyroid zai iya girma sosai (yanayin da ake kira goiter ). Ciwon kwari na thyroid gland shine kuma gani. Duk wani daga cikin waɗannan yanayi yana da matukar tsanani.
A bayyanar cututtuka na thyroid cuta na iya zama quite m. Halin cututtuka na hypothyroidism sau da yawa sun haɗa da fata bushe, rage yawan zuciya, rashin ƙarfi, damuwa, canjin fata, rashawar gashi, yaduwa, wadata, da sauransu. Kullum alamun bayyanar hyperthyroidism sun hada da tarin girma, ƙananan bushe, hasken haske, rashin barci, launin gashi, rauni, da rawar jiki - amma kuma akwai wasu alamomin da za'a iya gani. Kara karantawa game da bayyanar cututtuka na cutar thyroid .
Cigaba da matsalar maganin thyroid yana buƙatar yin bincike mai zurfi na gwaje-gwajen jinin thyroid, da kuma ƙarin gwaji idan an yi la'akari da yanayin thyroid. Karanta game da gwajin karoid .
Yayinda kake bincikar maganin thyroid, yin nazarin gwargwadon pituitary-thyroid axis yana da mahimmanci. Hakanan za'a iya yin wannan ta hanyar yaduwar kwayar halitta T3 da T4, da kuma magani TSH. Idan tayi girman girman TSH, hakan yana nuna cewa glandar thyroid ba shine samar da isasshen hormone ba, kuma pituitary yana ƙoƙari ya kashe aikinsa. Idan an kawar da matakan TSH, to yana nufin cewa glandar thyroid yana samar da hormone mai yawa.
A wasu lokuta, fassarar dacewar matakan TSH zai iya zama daɗaɗɗa, kuma zai iya zama mai kawo rigima. Kara karantawa game da gwaji da fassarar TSH .
Mafi kyau magani na thyroid cuta kuma zai iya zama tricky, amma gaba daya matsalar ta sauka zuwa zabar tsakanin daban-daban jiyya jiyya, maimakon neman wani magani da aiki a duk. Karanta game da wasu matsalolin game da maganin hypothyroidism , da kuma hyperthyroidism .
Kalma Daga
Glandar thyroid, da kuma hormones da yake samarwa, suna da muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga ci gaban mutum da kuma rayuwar lafiya. Muhimmancin yanayin aikin thyroid yana nunawa a cikin hanyoyin da ke tattare da yanayin da yanayi ya kafa don maganin hormones. Saboda tsarin maganin karoid din yana da mahimmanci, yana da mahimmanci don gano asali da bi da duk wani cuta na thyroid.
> Sources:
> Brent GA. Hanyoyin da keyi na Hormone Action. J Invest Invest 2012; 122: 3035.
> Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, et al. Sharuɗɗa don Kula da Hypothyroidism: Kungiyar Amfani da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Karoid ta Thyroid wadda ta shirya daga Thyroid Hormone Replacement. Thyroid 2014; 24: 1670.
> Mullur R, Liu YY, Brent GA. Thyroid Hormone Dokar Metabolism. Physiol Rev 2014; 94: 355.
> Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 Hanyoyi na Kungiyar Thyroid na Kungiyar Thyroid don Bincike da Gudanarwa na Hyperthyroidism da kuma sauran dalilan Thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid 2016; 26: 1343.