Wannan tsari na Brain yana amfani dashi don magance cututtukan Parkinson
Ya yi kama da wani abu daga masu salo na Star Trek, amma masu bincike suna ganin yiwuwar fitowa tare da yin amfani da kwakwalwar kwakwalwa mai zurfi don mutanen da ke da rashin lafiya na Alzheimer . Kuma, a cikin duniya inda magunguna suke samuwa amma amfanin yana iyakance, yana da mahimmanci don ci gaba da samar da hanyoyin kwantar da hanyoyi don magance maɓallin Alzheimer.
Mene ne Ƙin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙwara?
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) hanya ce inda aka sanya nau'ikan lantarki a cikin kwakwalwa kuma an tsara su don ba da ƙananan ƙwayoyin lantarki don ƙarfafa aikin kwakwalwa.
An yi amfani da DBS har tsawon shekaru da dama ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar Parkinson tare da samun nasara mai yawa wajen rage razanar da ƙyama da muscle muscle, da kuma inganta yanayin aiki. An kuma bincike shi don magance wasu magunguna, irin su bakin ciki da damuwa .
Yaya aka sanya 'yan zabaran a cikin ƙuƙwalwar?
Amsa a takaice: aikin tiyata. Domin DBS ya yiwu, ana saka sauti cikin kwakwalwa. Yin amfani da maganin rigakafi na gida , wani neurosurgeon ya rushe ramuka a cikin kwanyar mai haƙuri kuma a hankali zana sauti zuwa sassa daban-daban na kwakwalwa. (Anesthesia na gida, lokacin da mai lafiya ke farke amma an lalata wani yanki, ana iya amfani dashi saboda kwakwalwar kanta ba ta jin zafi ba.)
An saka magudi mai kama da sifa a cikin asalin mutum wanda zai iya kawo karshen matsanancin matakan lantarki 130 a kowane ɓangaren na wayoyi kuma, saboda haka, kwakwalwa. Lokacin da aka fara ginawa, an kashe na'urar ta motsa jiki; Bayan 'yan kwanaki ko makonni bayan tiyata, sai mai juyowa ya juya kuma ya fara kawo ladaran lantarki ga kwakwalwa.
Idan aka yi amfani da cutar Alzheimer, wa] annan wayoyin suna da ala} a da halayyar a cikin kwakwalwa. A cewar Johns Hopkins Medicine, "ƙaddamarwa shine hanya ta kwakwalwa don samar da bayanai ga hippocampus , ɓangaren kwakwalwa inda ake koyon ilmantarwa da tunani , kuma inda farkon bayyanar Alzheimer ya bayyana."
Yaya Yada Ayyukan Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙira?
Akwai hanyoyi da dama game da dalilin da yasa yake aiki, amma babu amsa mai mahimmanci duk da haka. A cikin Parkinson, anyi tunanin katsewa da rushe fashewa na kwakwalwa.
A gaskiya ma, fahimtar masu bincike na DBS yana da iyakance cewa yiwuwar yin amfani da ita don gano Alzheimer ba tare da bata lokaci ba lokacin da aka gwada DBS a kan wani mutum wanda yake da ƙwaƙwalwa a matsayin hanyar da za ta yi kokarin sarrafa abincinsa. Yayin da suke jarraba shi tare da sanyawa waya da wutar lantarki, sai ya ba da labari mai ban mamaki. Lokacin da suka karkatar da hanyoyi, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta tafi, kuma lokacin da suka sake mayar da hankali, sai ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ta dawo. Wannan ya haifar da ganin cewa akwai wata hanyar da za ta motsa kwakwalwa da tunanin da yake riƙe.
Shin lafiya?
DBS ya bayyana yana da lafiya. Kodayake tunanin kwakwalwa na kwakwalwa yana da matukar damuwa, masanan sun ce wannan hanya ba ainihin haɗari ba ne kamar sauti.
Akwai matsalolin da ke cikin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa kullum; Duk da haka, fiye da mutane 100,000 a duk faɗin duniya tare da cutar Parkinson sun sami DBS tare da matsalolin kaɗan. Risuka sun hada da kamuwa da cuta, kayan aiki, fashewa, baturin baturi, da motsi na waya.
Binciken da aka yi da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta da kuma cutar Alzheimer
Hanyar Na Bincike
A shekara ta 2010, Annals of Neurology Journal ya wallafa bincike da ke nuna wani lokaci na gwaji da aka gudanar a Kanada tare da mutane shida da aka gano da cutar Alzheimer da wuri. Kowane kowannensu yana da kwakwalwa mai zurfi na kwakwalwa wanda aka sanya shi a cikin kwakwalwarsa kuma ya shafe watanni 12 na cigaba da motsa jiki.
Gwada gwajin aikin su a cikin watanni 6 da 12 ya nuna wani cigaba, ko kuma rashin tsammanin sa ran kashi uku daga cikin mahalarta shida.
Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da ƙyallen PET don kimanta gwargwadon glucose metabolism, wanda shine iyawar kwakwalwa don karya sassan gajiyar man fetur kuma yana iya nuna alamar matakan da ke cikin kwakwalwa. Mutanen da ke tare da Alzheimer sun nuna yawan karuwar glucose a tsawon lokaci, amma waɗannan masu bincike shida sun nuna karuwa da aka kiyaye a duk lokacin binciken. Abin sha'awa shine, ikon ragewa na kwakwalwa don karya sukari a cikin cutar Alzheimer ya sa wasu masu bincike sun kira " cututtukan 3 na" Alzheimer. "
Sakamakon II na Bincike
A wani binciken na II na Johns Hopkins, marasa lafiya 42 da suka kai shekaru 45 zuwa 85 suka shiga DBS don magance cutar Alzheimer. Dukansu suna da aikin yin amfani da DBS don tsarawa tsakanin 2012 da 2014. Rabin su na da masu tayar da hankali a bayan makonni 2, kuma rabi daga cikinsu sun juya bayan watanni 12. Wannan shi ne binciken binciken makafi sau biyu, tun da marasa likita ko marasa lafiya sun san lokacin da aka kunna masu taimakawa.
An kiyasta cognition a wannan binciken ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen da yawa ciki har da ADAS-Cog 13. Cerebral glucose metabolism kuma aka auna a sassa daban-daban na kwakwalwa.
Sakamakon wannan binciken yana da ban sha'awa, kuma ba dole ba ne abin da aka sa ran. A cikin watanni 6 bayan kafawar stimulator, ciwon glucose metabolism ya karu da muhimmanci, amma ba a ci nasara ba a watanni 12. Bugu da ƙari, an lura da bambancin shekaru a cikin amsa. Wadannan mahalarta wadanda suka wuce shekaru 65 suna nuna cigaba da yin aiki da hankali da kuma gwargwadon glucose metabolism. Wadanda basu da shekaru 65 ba su nuna matukar muhimmanci a kowane yanki ba. Masu binciken sunyi bayanin cewa wannan tasirin zai kasance da alaka da wasu lokuta mafi girma daga tsarin kwakwalwa a cikin kananan yara tare da Alzheimer ( farkon Alzheimer ), idan aka kwatanta da wadanda Alzheimer ya fara.
Ƙididdigar Dalili na DBS a kan Brain
An yi nazarin sakamakon DBS a kan Alzheimer ta wannan matsala na I da na II na gwaji, amma bayani game da yadda yake shafi kwakwalwa an tattara shi daga amfani da shi a sauran saituna, ciki har da wasu binciken bincike da kuma magance cutar Parkinson. An gano wadannan sakamakon:
Ingantaccen haɗin gwiwa: Bincike a kan DBS a cikin mutanen da Alzheimer ke haifar ya haifar da kyakkyawan cognition ga wasu daga cikin mahalarta, kamar yadda aka auna ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen neuropsychological da yawa. Wadannan gwaje-gwajen sun gwada hanyoyi da dama na kwakwalwar aiki, ciki har da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, daidaitawa , fahimtar kalma, da sauransu.
Ƙara ƙarar hippocampus: Yayin da hippocampus (wani ɓangare na kwakwalwar da ke hade da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya) tare da kasancewar tsufa kuma mafi muhimmanci a cikin cutar Alzheimer, an gano DBS don ƙara yawan hippocampus a cikin mutane tare da Alzheimer's. An haɓaka ƙarami na Hippocampal tare da aiki na ƙwaƙwalwa.
Ƙara yawan ciwon glucose metabolism: Kamar yadda aka nuna a sama, wasu batutuwa da suka karbi DBS sun nuna ingantaccen gwanon glucose a wurare da yawa na kwakwalwa.
Ƙara yawan ƙarar daji da kuma mammillary jiki: Jigilar kwayoyin halitta da mammillary a cikin kwakwalwa (wanda ke da alaka da aikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya) sun nuna ƙara yawan ƙara bayan DBS a waɗanda suke tare da Alzheimer's.
Matsayi mafi girma na acetylcholine: An nuna DBS a cikin binciken don haifar da sakin acetylcholine. Acetylcholine yana taimakawa wajen aika saƙonni daga wani kwayar nerve zuwa gaba a cikin kwakwalwarmu.
Ƙara yawan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya: Bayan kwakwalwa mai zurfi yana motsawa ga raguwa da berayen, sun nuna ingantacciyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin ikon su na yin amfani da maze. Duk da yake nazarin dabba ba sau da yawa yana canjawa ga mutane, sau da yawa sukan ba mu bayani game da aminci da tasirin hanyoyin gwaji.
Rage halayen maganganu: An yi amfani da ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa mai zurfi don shekaru a cikin mutane tare da Parkinson ta tare da sakamako masu kyau masu kyau. Duk da haka, wasu bincike sun gano cewa halayen maganganu ya ƙi a wasu daga cikin waɗannan mutane. Yayinda mutane da yawa da Parkinson ke jin cewa wannan hadarin yana da amfani da amfanin da kwakwalwar kwakwalwa ta kwakwalwa ta ba su. watakila ba za a yi la'akari da irin hadarin da ya dace da waɗanda ke fama da cutar Alzheimer ba.
Ra'ayoyin Ɗaukaka
Duk da yake an yi nazari da yawa a cikin mutane, wasu masu bincike suna neman karin ƙarin bayani da kuma amfani da DBS a cikin dabbobi kafin su ci gaba da yin bincike tare da mutane. Suna nuna cewa yayin da akwai masu bincike na DBS wadanda suka sami cigaba da ingantaccen fahimta, akwai wasu wasu da suka ƙi a wasu wurare masu hankali bayan zurfin kwakwalwa.
Wadannan masu bincike sun nuna gaskiyar cewa akwai rashin fahimta game da yadda kwakwalwar kwakwalwa ta haifar da aiki; Ta haka ne, sun bayar da shawara cewa an samu ƙarin bayani kafin a fadada gwaji na asibiti tare da mutane.
Kalma Daga
An kwantar da hankali ga kwakwalwa ta kwakwalwa a matsayin magani mai dacewa game da cutar ta Parkinson; Duk da haka, ana bukatar karin bincike don gane amfaninta a cutar Alzheimer. Samun na DBS don ingantaccen haɓaka yana da ban sha'awa, musamman idan muna ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don neman magani mai mahimmanci ga Alzheimer's.
> Sources:
> Fagundes, VDC, Rieder, CRM, Nunes da Cruz, A, et al, Deep Brain Stimulation Yanayi na Subthalamic Nucleus yana tasiri na waya da kuma aiki da hankali a cikin cutar ta Parkinson. Kwayar Parkinson. 2016.
> Hescham S, Temel Y, Schipper S. et al, Cikakken kwakwalwa mai zurfi yana haifar da tsinkaye na tsawon lokaci na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba tare da ɓarjin ƙarancin hippocampal ba. Tsarin Brain da Function. 2017 Mar; 222 (2): 1069-1075.
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