Yawancin abubuwa sun faru a cikin kwayoyin halitta tun daga shekarun 1950 lokacin da masanan kimiyya Watson da Crick sun gano tsarin DNA. A cikin shekarun 1960s, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa yawancin DNA na halitta ya kasance a tsakanin 'kwayoyin halitta', kuma ya kunshi maimaitawar jerin abubuwan da ake kira DNA-junk, kamar yadda masu bincike a wancan lokacin basu fahimta ba. ana nufin lambar don.
Bincike a cikin shekarun 1970 ya nuna cewa an samo yawancin wadanda ba a hade su ba a cikin kwayoyin halitta, suna katse yankuna masu hada-hadar furotin. Shin dukkanin wadannan kwayoyin halitta sun kasance da takalma? Babu shakka ba! An fahimci wannan tunanin ne kawai da ba su san abin da za suyi da ita ba a lokacin.
Menene Yake A cikin DNA?
Ya bayyana cewa kawai kimanin kashi biyar na DNA na mutum ya haɗu da gina jiki, bisa ga ƙididdiga. Don haka ga masana kimiyya daga shekarun da suka wuce, kashi 95 cikin 100 na DNA za a yi la'akari da takunkumi.
Yaya game da 2016, 2017, da kuma bayan? Lokacin da yazo ga DNA mutum, har yanzu akwai wani yanki wanda ba a san shi ba, yankin da ba a san shi ba. Duk da haka, microRNA muhimmiyar mahimmanci ne kuma abin da ya dace da marasa lafiya a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban.
Menene MicroRNA (miRNA)?
Kila ka ji labarin RNA manzo a cikin ilimin kimiyyar makaranta. Wannan kwayoyin ne jikinka yana amfani da sababbin sunadarai kuma an kafa ta ta amfani da DNA a matsayin samfuri.
Haka kuma, ribosomes ne ke karantawa a cikin aikin gina jiki, ko fassarar, don samar da sabon furotin.
Micro-RNA hanya ne daban. MicroRNA, ko miRNA, wani irin RNA ne wanda ba'a nufin ƙaddamar da shi cikin furotin. Yana da hanya mafi ƙanƙanci-yawancin lambar code-fiye da jerin sassaucin da ke fada wa jikin yadda za'a gina gina jiki, kamar insulin, misali.
To, idan ba shi da lambar don gina jiki, menene aikinsa? To, MiRNA yayi aiki don tsara kwayoyin ta hanyar matakai da ake kira 'RNA silencing' da kuma 'tsarin bayanan bayan bayanan'. Wadannan sharuddan an bayyana a bit kara a kasa.
Ayyukan MiRNA a Ciwon Canji
Binciken na miRNA da sauran RNA masu ba da halayen yana da muhimmancin gaske-wasu kuma suna iya dacewa da marasa lafiya na ciwon daji irin su waɗanda suke da alamun rashin lafiya.
MiRNAs suna da tasirin su ta hanyar sarrafa yadda jikinka ke daga DNA zuwa RNA zuwa furotin. Lokacin da sunadaran sunadaran sun kasance sunadaran gina jiki wanda ke da ciwon daji ko kuma wani fili wanda aka gano a hanyar hanyoyin daji na hanyar ciwon daji, to wannan ka'idoji ta hanyar miRNA zai iya zama muhimmiyar rawa.
Yawancin miRNA daban-daban sunyi rahoton cewa sun kasance mai ƙyama, ko a cikin kimiyya, dysregulated, a marasa lafiya da iri daban-daban na ciwon daji. A cikin kwayoyin halitta, wadannan miRNA ba su kasance ƙarƙashin tsari mai kyau da aka gani a cikin kwayoyin lafiya ba, sabili da haka matakan hanyoyi na miRNA da magungunan salula na iya haifar da su. Wannan kallon game da miRNAs ya haifar da tsammanin cewa miRNA suna da hannu wajen cigaban ciwon daji da ci gaba da ciwon daji, da zarar ya fara.
An fahimci MiRNA da farko game da ƙwayoyin cutar da yawa ko samfurin alamar cutar marasa lafiya kamar lymphoma (CLL ), myeloma m (MM), lymphoma T-cell cutan da lymphoma cellular mantle. A gaskiya ma, filin na miRNA a ciwon daji ya fara farawa yayin da wata ƙungiyar bincike ta nuna cewa miRNA-miR-15 da miR-16 sun kasance a wani ɓangare na chromosome da aka rasa sau da yawa ko an share su a cikin cutar cutar sankarar lymphocytic na kullum.
MiRNA Sa hannu
Tun daga wannan lokacin, masu bincike sunyi aiki a kan "hannayen miRNA" - wato, daban-daban bayanan martaba na girman girman miRNA ko ƙananan matakan miRNA wanda zai iya kasancewa halayyar wani nau'i na ciwon daji da aka ba.
Alal misali, sautin na miRNA na musamman zai iya haɗuwa da halayyar rikici. Idan aka yi amfani da shi ta wannan hanyar, ana sa hannu a wasu lokutan ana sa hannu a kan masu suna biomarking.
MiRNA a maganin Ciwon daji
Ra'ayin miRNA a cikin maganin ciwon daji a halin yanzu an yi la'akari da shi a matsayin mai dacewa, a ma'anar cewa za'a iya amfani da sababbin jiyya mafi kyau ga waɗanda aka dace da amfani da miRNA. Ɗaya daga cikin hangen nesa ga makomar shine likitanku zai iya faɗi wani abu kamar: "Ciwon ku na da nasaba na miRNA wanda ke haɓaka da sakamako mai kyau tare da sabon tsarin kulawa, saboda haka muna iya bada wannan zabin maganin mai tsanani sosai."
Masu bincike kuma suna kallon yiwuwar yin amfani da micro-RNA a matsayin "masu ciwon tumo" ta hanyar samun su su shiga cikin kwayoyin cutar ciwon daji. MiRNAs da sauran RNA ba a haɗe ba sun kasance gajeren gajere, wanda ya sa su cikakke ga tsarin da ake kira transfection, wanda yayi amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta don ƙudura jerin a cikin wasa.
Wani bangare na ban sha'awa game da amfani da miRNA din shine don ƙaddamar da kwayoyin cutar ciwon daji don magance cutar shan magani ko radiation. Ko da lokacin da maganin gargajiya ya kawar da kashi 98 cikin 100 na kwayoyin cutar Kanjamau, duk abin da ake kira ciwon daji ya sa kwayoyin halitta - ciwon kanji a cikin ɓoye - wanda ya kasance zai iya haifar da komawa. Idan za a iya ƙaddamar da kwayoyin cutar kanjamau tare da miRNA ko wasu RNA ba a haɗe ba, kadai ko a hade tare da wasu hanyoyin kwantar da hankula, wannan zai wakilci ci gaba. Gwajen gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar amfani da miRNA maganin cutar ciwon huhu da kuma ciwon huhu na rigakafi an riga an buga, duk da haka ana buƙatar ƙarin karatu.
MiRNA a CLL
A Yamma, CLL shine cutar sankarar mafi girma a cikin manya. Canjin chromosomal na kowa da aka haɗa tare da CLL shine maye gurbin wani ɓangare na chromosome 13. Menene zai yiwu bayanan kwayoyin zai zama da muhimmanci sosai cewa maye gurbin zai haifar da ciwon daji? To, an samo wannan DNA bace don ƙuƙwalwa ga miRNA. Wannan kallo yana haifar da tsammanin cewa miRNA guda biyu - mai suna meR-15a da miR-16-1 na iya zama hannu a matsayin wani wuri na farko a ci gaban CLL.
Har ila yau, a CLL - baya ga wani rawar da zai iya takawa a ci gaba da ciwon ciwon daji - miRNA za su iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen maganin kariya. Amincewa da fludarabine, magani na chemo, an hade da canje-canje a cikin matakan RNA guda biyu mai suna miR-18, miR-22 da miR-21.
MiRNA a Multiple Myeloma
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masu bincike sun ƙaddara cewa an nuna bambancin miRNA a cikin mutane da yawan myeloma ko MM.
A gaskiya, rukuni na masu bincike-Pichiorri da abokan aiki - sunyi amfani da abin da aka sani game da sa hannu na miRNA don bayyana alamomi daban-daban na myeloma . Filasar plasma wani jini ne mai tsabta wanda zai iya haifar da kwayar cuta, kuma wannan iyali na sel-dan memba na iyali B-lymphocyte - ya zama mummunar a cikin MM. Yawancin ɗaliban masarauta zasu iya samuwa daga mummunan yanayin da ake kira mintonal gammopathy na muhimmin mahimmanci (MGUS), kuma wannan rukunin bincike ya sami bambance-bambance yayin da kake tafiya daga kwayar plasma mai lafiya amma ba'a da MGUS, zuwa MM, cike da rashin lafiya.
A shekara ta 2008, Pichiorri da abokan aiki sun bayar da rahoto game da mummunan rahoton na miRNA wanda ke kamuwa da kwayoyin plasma ta al'ada, MGUS, da kuma MM. Shawarwarin ci gaba yana nuna cewa aikin miRNA yana da kyau kamar yadda masu kula da kwayar halitta ke ci gaba yayin da jiki ke yin kwayoyin jinin lafiya , ko kuma lokacin al'ada, hematopoiesis lafiya; amma wannan canjin na miRNA zai iya shiga ko zai iya bin wasu canje-canje a hanyar zuwa malignancy. An yi amfani da sarrafawa na miRNAs tare da haɗin myeloma mai ƙananan haɗari.
Light Ultraviolet da MiRNA a Melanoma
Ana iya amfani da MiRNAs don taimakawa wajen bayarda haske game da iyawar mutum ga ciwon daji. Binciken da aka yi a kwanan nan ya bincika haɗin tsakanin haɗakar kyamarar ultraviolet da kuma ci gaban melanoma a cikin matasan 'yan mata masu aikin sa kai. Mataye takwas masu lafiya , masu kyan gani tsakanin shekarun da suka kai 31 zuwa 38 an kwatanta da 'yan shekaru 35 zuwa 46 da suka kamu da fatawa wadanda suka fara kirkiro melanoma .
Melanocytes sune sel wadanda suke yin melanin, alamar dan Adam, wanda ke da alhakin abubuwa kamar gashi, fata da launi. Melanocytes kuma su ne kwayoyin da suka zama kwari a cikin melanoma. A cikin nazarin, bayyanar da fata zuwa UV yana haskaka ma'auni na bayanin miRNA a cikin kwayoyin fata na melanocyte na al'ada-amma wadannan saurin na miRNA na UV sun bambanta sosai tsakanin mata masu lafiya da wadanda ke da tarihin melanoma a baya, suna nuna cewa melanocytes a wasu mutane, ko da yake suna da kyau, sun riga sun amsa daban-daban ga haskoki na UV, wanda zai iya bayyana haɗarsu ga ci gaban ciwon daji na gaba.
Abin sha'awa shine, masu kirkirar mutane masu lafiya, a yayin da suke nunawa ga wannan kamfanonin UV, ba su yi la'akari da waɗannan canje-canje ba. Wadannan binciken da suke dogara da ƙwayar micro-RNA na iya taimakawa masana kimiyya su fahimci yadda farawa da farawa da kuma yadda za a hana shi, da kuma yada sababbin hanyoyin bincike da ka'idoji.
Sources
Portin P. Haihuwar da kuma ci gaba da ka'idar DNA ta gado: shekara sittin bayan ganowar tsarin DNA. J Genet. 2014; 93 (1): 293-302.
Moussay E, Palissot V, Vallar L, et al. Tabbatar da kwayoyin halitta da microRNA sun shiga cikin juriya ga fludarabine a rayuwa cikin cutar cutar sankarar lymphocytic na kullum. Ciwon daji na kwayoyin halitta. 2010; 9: 115.
Pichiorri F, De Luca L, Aqeilan RI. MicroRNA: New Players a Multiple Myeloma. Fassara a cikin Genetics . 2011; 2: 22.
Sha J, Gastman BR, Morris N, et al. Amsar microRNAs zuwa UVR hasken rana a cikin mazauna mazauna mazauni suna bambanta tsakanin marasa lafiyar melanoma da masu lafiya. KUMA BAYA 2016; 11 (5): e0154915. Doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0154915.
Segura MF, Greenwald HS, Hanniford D, et al. MicroRNA da cututtukan melanoma masu cututtuka: daga ganowa zuwa hangen nesa da farfadowa. Carcinogenesis . 2012; 33: 1823-1832.