Ma'anar immunocompetent kamar yadda ya shafi lafiyarka
Masanin kimiyya, don zama wanda bai dace da shi ba kawai yana nufin cewa tsarin rigakafin yana aiki yadda ya kamata kuma jiki yana iya hawa maida martani mai dacewa, idan ya cancanta.
Mutum na iya zama immunocompetent ko immunodeficient (inda tsarin immune ba ya aiki kamar yadda ya kamata), amma ba biyu a lokaci ɗaya.
Tsarin Rashin Gida
Dukkan kwayoyin sun kirkiro tsarin da ba'a iya karewa daga cututtuka.
Don yin aiki yadda ya kamata, tsarin jiki na jiki ya kamata ya iya gane ƙwararrun kasashen waje (watau pathogens kamar kwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ɓangaren cuta) kuma aika masu kare suyi yaki da magunguna. Gwargwadonmu na ƙayyade abin da ke cikin ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa mu tsarinmu na rigakafi zai iya ganewa da tsayayya (ba pathogens).
Tun da pathogens zasu iya canjawa da sauri kuma suna iya daidaitawa, wasu lokuta sukan iya gujewa ganowa ta hanyar tsarin rigakafi. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, zaku ji lafiyar, kuyi gudu, kuma kuna da wuya a magance rashin lafiya wanda ya karbi jikin ku.
Abin farin ciki, tsarin rigakafi yana da nau'o'in tsaro daban-daban da kuma martani don ganewa da neutralize pathogens. Your tsarin rigakafi iya amsawa pathogens a cikin 2 hanyoyi:
- Abubuwan da ake yi wa sakonni ba tare da amsawa ba inda T-lymphocytes (ko kuma T-cell) - sun kasance suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ganewa da ɗaurin wasu kwayoyin halitta irin su kwayoyin kamuwa da cutar, kwayoyin halitta tare da kwayoyin halitta, da kwayoyin cutar kanjamau da ke nuna kyamar antigens (antigens sunadaran sunadarai ne akan pathogens).
- Humoral ba shi da amsa daga cikin kwayoyin B-lymphocytes (ko B-Cells) da kuma kwayoyin plasma (jinin fararen da ke ɓoye adadin kwayoyin cuta) ya kare kan kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan jiki ta hanyar "tunawa" masu haɗari da kuma samar da kwayoyin cutar don yaki su (wannan ne yadda kuke gina rigakafi zuwa wasu ƙwayoyin cuta bayan samun maganin maganin wannan cuta).
Lokacin da kwayoyin T da kuma B suka haɗa tare da antigens da aka gane, sun zama cikakkun immunocompetent.
Mene ne idan baku da Immunocompetent?
Kishiyar yanayin kasancewar immunocompetent shi ne rashin daidaituwa ko immuno-incompetent ko immunocompromised. Akwai wasu lokutta na farfadowa, amma sharuɗɗan da ke gaba suna bayyana tsarin da ba shi da amfani wanda ba shi da cikakken aiki a hanyoyi masu zuwa:
- Immunodeficient : Irin wannan jariri jaririn wanda tsarin rigakafinsa bai riga ya yi aiki ba, amma yana iya kasancewa da mahaifa da mahaifiyarsa ta ba shi.
- Immuno-incompetent: Irin su marasa lafiya na ciwon daji tare da gazawar ko rashin kasawa tsarin. Magunguna sukan bayar da shawarar cewa dan dangi da kuma kusantar lambobin waɗanda ke tare da immuno-incompetence ya kamata a yi alurar riga kafi don jerin cututtuka na kowa.
- Immunocompromised: Masu karɓa na karɓa wanda ke dauke da maganin maganin kin amincewa da shi don haka jikin su ba zaiyi watsi da gawar da aka ba da aka ba da ake kira immunocompromised.
Marasa lafiya tare da wani daga cikin matsalolin da aka lissafa a sama ba tare da karɓar rayuka ba, ya zama hoto ko kwayar cutar. Bugu da ƙari, maganin alurar rigakafi yana ba da cikakken amfani ga marasa lafiya.
Mutuwar Abubuwan Kulawa
Lokacin da tsarin na rigakafi ya jingina, za'a iya haifar da mummunan sakamako.
Yawanci, tsarin na rigakafi kawai yana haifar da mamayewa (ba zuwa antigens daga jikin mutum ba) amma wani lokaci mawuyacin tsari zai iya zama rashin lafiya kuma ya karanta kayan jikin ta jiki a matsayin kasashen waje. Wannan yana haifar da tsarin rigakafi don samun motsa jiki, inda ya samar da kwayoyin cuta (ake kira autoantibodies) ko kuma yaduwa kwayoyin da ke kaiwa ga kayan jikin ta jiki.
Idan an halicci ƙarancin motsa jiki, jiki zai iya lalata nama kuma ya haifar da kumburi, yana haifar da rashin lafiyar mutum. Ga mafi yawancin mutane, irin wannan ƙwayoyin autoantibodies an samar da cewa rashin lafiyar mutum ba zai faru ba. Ga wasu, suna iya ci gaba da zama cikin ɗaya daga cikin masu yawa na nakasassu mai mahimmanci, kamar:
Ƙarin gwajin da likita zai buƙaci ya kamata a bincikar da matsalar rashin lafiya.
Sources:
Yara da yara da muhalli. Oktoba 2011. Taron Kungiyar Wutar Lantarki na Lafiya ta Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya.
Peter J. Delves. Mutuwar Abubuwan Kulawa. Merk Manuals.