DMN da haɗin aiki
Hanyoyin haɓaka mai kwakwalwa na aiki (fMRI) ya ba mu izinin yin ƙididdiga akan aiki na kwakwalwa a cikin mutane masu rai da ke kunshe da hotuna masu ban sha'awa. Ɗaya daga cikin, ya ba mu damar yin wasu muhimman bayanai akan al'amuran yanayi na kwakwalwa, ciki har da hanyar sadarwar tsoho. Domin fahimtar irin waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa, duk da haka, ana buƙatar wasu bayanan haɗin aikin farko.
Mene ne Haɗin Haɗin aiki MRI?
Yawancin karatun na FMRI an yi yayin da mai haƙuri ke yin wani aiki. Alal misali, idan sun danna maɓallin da hannun dama, za ka iya ganin ɓangaren hagu na hagu a kusa da motar motar haske a lokacin.
Wani mahimmanci shi ne ya dube kwakwalwa yayin da mai ba da agajin aikin binciken ba ya yin wani abu a kullun - kawai kwance a can. Wannan fasaha wani lokaci ake kira "hutawa" fMRI.
Yayin da muke kwance a can, wurare daban-daban na kwakwalwa suna da aiki na ƙaddamarwa, ma'ana wutar lantarki mai raɗaɗɗa da ke haɗa da alamar MRI. Wani lokaci, wadannan raƙuman ruwa suna haɗuwa tare da junansu, ma'anar cewa suna buga manyan ƙananan haruffan da ƙididdigar ka'idar a lokaci ɗaya. Yana da bit kamar sun kasance membobi daban-daban na ƙungiyar makaɗaici suna wasa irin wannan kiɗa yayin bin wannan jagorar. Wa] annan wa] ansu yankuna biyu suna da alaka da ha] a hannu.
Haɗin aiki mai aiki ba dole ba a auna shi a hutawa. Ayyuka kamar su kulawa da wani abu mai mahimmanci zasu iya canza dabi'u na haɗin aiki a fadin kwakwalwa.
Haɗin aikin aiki ba dole ba ne ya nufin bangarorin biyu na kwakwalwa suna tsaye da kuma haɗin jiki. Alal misali, wurare daban-daban daban daban na iya zama mai nisa, amma duka sakonni daga tsakiyar kwakwalwa kamar yankin thalamus.
Wadannan zasu iya haɗawa da haɗuwa idan sakonansu suna cikin synchrony.
Gabatar da Cibiyar Yanayin Saitunan
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ko kuma haka, an biya hankali ga wannan haɗin aiki kamar yadda hanyar gano hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan musamman, ciki har da kawai hutu. Ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa mafi girma da za a tattauna shine hanyar sadarwar tsoho.
Kalmar "yanayin tsoho" da Dokta Marcus Raichle yayi amfani da shi a shekarar 2001 ya bayyana aikin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa. An riga an lura cewa kwakwalwar "hutawa" tana amfani da ƙananan makamashi fiye da kwakwalwa yana aiki "aiki," yana nuna cewa watakila kwakwalwar ba ta "hutawa" ba yayinda yake canza nau'in aikin da yake aiki shiga.
Sabuwar hanyar sadarwar yanayi (DMN) ya shafi ƙananan oscillations na kimanin guda dayawa ta biyu. Cibiyar sadarwa tana aiki mafi yawa lokacin da kwakwalwa yake hutawa. Lokacin da aka kwakwalwa kwakwalwa zuwa wani aiki ko burin, cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙare.
Zai yiwu, a gaskiya, zama fiye da ɗaya hanyar hanyar sadarwa ta al'ada-abin da muka kira DMN zai zama ainihin tarin ƙananan cibiyoyin sadarwa, kowannensu ya sadaukar da wani abu dabam dabam da ɗayan. Duk da haka, wasu wurare na kwakwalwa yanzu an fahimci su kasance cikin DMN.
Wadanne Sassan Kwararren A cikin DMN?
Wasu ɓangarori na kwakwalwa sun haɗa a cikin hanyar sadarwar da ta rigaya ta haɗar da lobe na yau da kullum, da tsinkayen daji na tsakiya , da kuma ƙwayar cuta na baya, da kuma kwakwalwa da kuma ɓangaren ganyayyaki. Duk waɗannan yankuna an hade da wani bangare na tunani na ciki. Alal misali, ƙuƙwalwar launi ta tsakiya yana haɗi da ƙwaƙwalwa . Hakanan haɗin gwal na tsakiya yana da alaƙa da ka'idar tunani, ikon iya gane wasu kamar yadda yake da tunani da kuma kama da irin nasa. Cikin tsaka-tsakin baya ana zaton zai hada da haɗuwa da nau'o'in tunani na ciki.
An yi amfani da neurons na mirror don yin hulɗa tare da DMN.
Mene ne DMN ke Yi?
Saboda hanyar sadarwar tsoho ta fi dacewa a hutawa kuma saboda sifofin da ke ciki, wasu mutane sun nuna cewa yana haɗuwa da gabatarwa na farko, ciki har da ayyukan kamar layi ko dawo da tunanin. Sauran sun nuna cewa aikin zai iya kasancewa da alaka da matakan ilimin lissafin jiki ba tare da dangantaka da wani aiki ba - ko da maimaitawa - ko da yake wannan ra'ayi yana ganin ya ɓace.
Canje-canje a cikin hanyar sadarwar da aka rigaya an danganta da mummunan cututtukan cututtuka, ciki har da cutar Alzheimer, autism, schizophrenia, cututtuka na bipolar, rashin damuwa da matsanancin damuwa, damuwa, da sauransu. Cututtuka na iya haifar da ƙananan aiki ko yawa, kuma wasu lokuta bayanai sun bambanta da abin da ke faruwa a halin yanzu. Ko wannan yana nuna rashin fahimta game da wannan cuta, dabarar, ko duka biyu basu da tabbas.
Ɗaya daga cikin sukar da suka taso game da DMN shine cewa canje-canje a ciki yana da mahimmanci - menene amfani amfani da shi idan ba ya gaya muku abin da matsala ke ciki ba? Sauran sun yi tambaya idan cibiyar sadarwa tana da ma'ana mai mahimmanci, kodayake yayin da bincike ya tara gaskiyar DMN zai zama da wuya a yi tambaya.
Wasu cibiyoyin sadarwa, irin su waɗanda suke da alaka da hankali, hangen nesa, da kuma sauraro, an bayyana su. Yayin da amfanin likitanci na waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa ba su da tabbas, zasu iya yin tasiri da wani canji mai muhimmanci a yadda muke tunani game da kwakwalwa, kuma wane ne zai iya faɗi inda irin tunanin zai kai mu nan gaba?
> Sources:
> Buckner, RL; Andrews-Hanna, JR; Schacter, DL (2008). "Cibiyar Default ta Brain: Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease". Annals na New York Academy of Sciences 1124 (1): 1-38.
> Fair, DA; Cohen, AL; Dosenbach, NUF; Church, JA; Miezin, FM; Barch, DM; Raichle, ME; Petersen, SE et al. (2008). "Ginin da ke cike da kwakwalwa ta hanyar sadarwa na kwakwalwa". Ayyukan Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Duniya 105 (10): 4028-32.
> Raichle, Marcus E; Snyder, Ibrahim Z. (2007). "Yanayin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar aiki: Tarihin ɗan gajeren labari game da manufar juyin halitta". NeuroImage 37 (4): 1083-90.