Ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta za su canza duk lokacin. Abin da ya sa muke buƙatar samun harba a kowace shekara.
Wasu daga cikin wadannan canje-canje sun kasance ƙananan, amma akwai wasu canje-canje da yawa da ke haifar da ƙwayar cutar ƙwayar cutar. Wadannan cututtukan kwayoyin cutar ne wadanda masana ke damu saboda sune wadanda zasu iya haifar da annobar cutar ta mura.
Sauran abubuwa da za su sani game da sababbin cututtuka na kamuwa da cutar mura sun hada da cewa:
- mutane, musamman ma yara ƙanana, sau da yawa ba su da wata rigakafi ga "labari" ko kuma sababbin cututtuka na cutar ƙwayoyin cuta
- ƙwayar cutar swine mai cuta wanda zai iya sa mutane marasa lafiya suna kira ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cutar ƙwayar cuta
- wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu ciwon ƙwayoyin cuta suna da canjin yanayi wanda zai iya sauƙaƙe musu su yada daga dabbobi zuwa ga mutane ko kuma haifar da mummunar cutar
Ƙananan canje-canje a cikin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta suna haifarwa ta hanyar aiwatar da tsarin drift antigenic. Hanyoyi na iya haifar da ƙananan canje-canje a cikin ƙwayar cutar ta hanyar cewa cutar mu ba ta san shi ba kuma ba a kiyaye mu ba daga kamuwa da cuta.
Ƙarin manyan canje-canje na haifar da ƙwayar antigenic. Wannan shi ne abin da ya haifar da annobar cutar H1N1 ta 2009 . Maimakon gyare-sauye mai sauƙi ko canji a cikin nau'in ƙwayar cutar guda daya, maɓallin gyaran antigenic daga karuwar jigilar kwayoyin halitta daga cututtuka daban-daban na ƙwayar cuta, yawanci tsakanin nau'in dabba da na mutum. Saboda haka, ta hanyar motsi na antigenic, cutar mai cututtukan kwayar cutar da za ta iya kamawa tsuntsaye ko aladu, zai iya samun damar yadawa a cikin mutane.
2016-1017 Flu Season
Kwayar cutar tace cewa masana da aka annabta za su kasance mafi mahimmanci a lokacin kakar murabba'in shekara ta 2015-1016 kuma wanda aka hade shi a cikin kwayar cutar tazarar da ta gabata ta hada da:
- A / California / 7/2009 (H1N1) pdm09-like virus
- A / Switzerland / 9715293/2013 (H3N2)
- B / Phuket / 3073/2013-kamar cutar
- B / Brisbane / 60/2008-kamar cutar (ciwon sukari quadrivalent kawai)
Kwayar cutar ta H1N1 wadda ta haifar da cutar ta riga ta zama kamar wata cuta mai cututtuka.
Zamanin rigakafi na 2016-17 na gaba zai hada da:
- A / California / 7/2009 (H1N1) pdm09-like virus
- wani cutar A / Hong Kong / 4801/2014 (H3N2)
- da kuma B / Brisbane / 60/2008-kamar cutar (B / Victoria lineage)
- Magungunan maganin quadrivalent zai hada da cutar B / Phuket / 3073/2013-kamar cutar (B / Yamagata)
Don haka har zuwa kashi biyu na alurar rigakafi na gaba zai canza.
Dog Flu
Kodayake mutane da yawa daga cikinmu sun samo asali game da gubar tsuntsu da furotin swine, cutar mura ne sabon abu.
Mai jin labarin game da cutar mura (2015) a cikin Chicago na iya mamaki da damuwa da mutane da yawa. Abin farin, cutar kare ba abu ne mai ban sha'awa ga mutane ba. Wannan cutar H3N2 wadda ta samo asali a cikin dawaki na iya yada tsakanin karnuka, duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a gwada kokarin sarrafawa da hana sababbin lokuta.
HPAI H5
Tun watan Disamba 2014, an gano cutar ta H5 a cikin Amurka a cikin namun daji, tsuntsaye masu ƙaura (Canada Goose, Mallards, Snowy Owl, da dai sauransu) da kaji gida, ciki har da kaji, turkeys, da ducks.
Miliyoyin tsuntsaye marasa lafiya a akalla jihohin 21 sun jagoranci shawarwari daga CDC cewa mutane:
- kauce wa tsuntsaye daji kuma ku lura da su daga nesa
- kauce wa haɗuwa da tsuntsayen gida (wuraren kiwon kaji) waɗanda suka kamu da rashin lafiya ko sun mutu
- kauce wa lambar sadarwa tare da saman da ya bayyana cewa za'a gurɓata shi da feces daga tsuntsaye ko tsuntsaye.
Rashin lafiyar lafiyar mutane daga wannan murafin tsuntsu yana zaton kadan ne a wannan lokacin.
Akwai damuwa cewa cutar tsuntsu ta kamu da cutar zai iya haifar da gazawar fata, farashin mafi girma ga qwai, kuma farashin mafi girma ga turkey.
H3N2 Cutar Dama
H3N2 (H3N2v) ya kamu da cutar da mutane 12 a 2011. Wannan mummunar cuta ce wadda ke shafar aladu, amma ya iya samun marasa lafiya - yawancin mutanen da ke da alaƙa mai tsabta don cutar da aladu.
Wannan fashewa ne mai gudana. A shekarar 2012, lamarin ya shafi yawan cututtukan H3N2v ya karu zuwa 309 a jihohin 12.
Kodayake mun ga wasu lokuta tun daga lokacin, kamar yadda a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, akwai iyakancewa da yawa daga mutum zuwa wani. Wannan labari ne mai kyau ga dukkanmu, amma wasu mutane har yanzu suna bukatar kulawa, musamman ma waɗanda ke da haɗari ga ƙwayar cuta . CDC ya bada shawarar cewa su guje wa barns da aladu a aikin noma.
Don kauce wa samun H3N2v daga alade, yana da mahimmanci ga kowa:
- wanke hannayensu yadda ya kamata bayan duk abin da ke nunawa ga aladu
- kauce wa cin abinci da sha a kusa da aladu
- kauce wa shan jaririn yaro, kayan wasa, kwalban jariri, ko mai shimfiɗa, da dai sauransu, a kusa da aladu
- Ku zauna daga kowane alade da ba shi da lafiya
Ka tuna cewa ba za ku iya fada ko yaushe idan alade yana da H3N2v ba. Kamar yadda cututtuka na mutum, wasu aladu zasu iya kamuwa da kwayar cutar kuma suna da alamar bayyanar cututtuka ko babu alamun jini ko kaɗan kuma har yanzu har yanzu suna iya kasancewa ga wasu.
Kuma saboda ƙwayar cuta na kwayar cutar zasu iya haɗuwa tare da matsawa zuwa sababbin matsaloli, ya kamata ku guje wa aladu idan kun kasance marasa lafiya da mura.
Akwai lokuta 19 na H3N2v a Amurka a shekarar 2013, amma lokuta guda uku ne kawai a shekara ta 2014 da 2015.
Ya zuwa yanzu, a 2016, akwai lokuta hudu a H3N2v, duk a Ohio da Michigan.
H7N9 Bird Flu Fari
Binciken H7N9 na Sin a Sin yana da mutane da dama, yayin da aka samu mutuwar mutane 44 a cikin lokuta 132 a shekarar 2013. Akwai wasu lokuta da dama daga matafiya da suka dawo daga kasar Sin, ciki har da mutanen da suka kamu da rashin lafiya a Kanada da Malaysia.
Abin farin ciki, wannan nau'in tsuntsu ba shi yiwuwa ya yada daga mutum zuwa wani. Maimakon haka, ana tunanin cewa mutane sun kamu da rashin lafiya daga kamuwa da cutar kaji, musamman a kasuwar tsuntsaye mai rai.
A farkon yaduwar cutar 2013 ya zama kamar yadda ya wuce, amma sababbin lokuta suna kama da su a kowace shekara. A halin yanzu an sami akalla mutane 798 na H7N9, mafi yawa a kasar Sin, kuma a kalla 212 mutuwar.
H5N1
Bugu da ƙari, H7N9, akwai wani nau'i na tsuntsu mura wanda ya kasance a kusa da tsawon lokaci - sosai pathogenic avian mura H5N1.
Da farko an gano a 2003, akwai lokuta akalla 664 na HPAI H5N1 a kasashe 15 da akalla 391 mutuwar.
Mafi yawan lokuta sun kasance a Asiya da arewa maso gabashin Afrika, musamman Misira da Indonesia. Idan kuna ziyarci ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yankunan, CDC ya bada shawarar cewa ku "kauce wa gonar kiwon kaji, kasuwanni tsuntsaye da sauran wurare masu kiwon kaji suna tasiri, kiyaye, ko sayar."
Kamar H7N9, wannan nau'in tsuntsu ba zai yada tsakanin mutane ba.
H9N2
An kuma tabbatar da sababbin lokuta biyu na cutar mura A (H9N2) a 2013, duka a China.
Wannan irin tsuntsu tsuntsu yana haifar da mummunar bayyanar cututtuka, don haka ba a zaton ya zama babban barazana a yanzu.
H10N8
Wani sabon nau'i na sababbin cututtuka na kamuwa da cutar avian don cutar da mutane, A (H10N8), yanzu an tabbatar da cewa sun kamu da cutar a kalla mutane biyu a kasar Sin tun watan Janairu 2014.
A daya daga cikin shari'ar, mace mai shekaru 55 da ta shiga kasuwar noma ta ci gaba da ciwo mai tsanani kuma yana cikin mummunan yanayin. Wani mutumin da ke dauke da kamuwa da H10N8 ya mutu a ƙarshen shekarar 2013.
Abin da Kuna Bukata Don Sanu game da Sabbin Farin Ruwa
Yana iya zama mai ban tsoro cewa duk wani mummunar cututtuka da zai iya haifar da sabon cututtuka na mura da kuma yawan mutuwar mura . Abin farin ciki, wadannan nau'in cututtuka suna da wuya.
Sauran abubuwa da za su sani game da sababbin cututtuka na kamuwa da cutar mura sun hada da cewa:
- Ana iya amfani da kwayoyi masu guba da cutar Ebola, ciki har da Tamiflu (oseltamivir) da Relenza (zanamivir).
- Sabbin cututtuka na ciwon ƙwayar cuta na ci gaba da canza, wanda zai iya nuna cewa cutar HPAI H5N1 zai iya zama wata rana inganta ikon iya yadawa sauƙi daga mutum ɗaya zuwa wani.
- Dukkanin H da N na H7N9 sune sababbin matsalolin da basu da lafiya a baya. Ya bambanta, kawai H na H5N1 na sabo ne a tsakanin mutane.
- Akwai lokuta marasa iyaka na cutar H7 a Arewacin Amirka a baya, ciki har da H7N3 a Kanada a shekara ta 2004 (2 adadin mutum), H7N2 a New York a shekara ta 2003 (mutum daya), kuma H7N2 a Virginia a 2002 (wani akwati). Ba kamar H5N1 ba, waɗannan su ne marasa ciwo mai cututtuka.
- Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya tana da tsarin kulawa da kulawa da kwayar cutar ta duniya da ke kulawa don taimakawa wajen ganewa da gano sababbin cututtuka na mura.
Mafi mahimmanci, maganin alurar rigakafi na duniya wanda zai iya kare duk wani mummunar cutar na mura zai sa ran wata rana ta kare mu daga duk wani mummunar cutar ƙwayar cuta.
Har sai dai, yana da muhimmanci mu ci gaba da kulawa da kuma kula da wadannan cututtuka na cutar, da yin aiki a kan samar da sababbin magunguna, sabon maganin rigakafi, da kuma hanyoyi don rage yaduwar wadannan ƙwayoyin cuta daga dabbobi zuwa ga mutane. Kuma ku tabbatar da gaya wa likita idan kun ci gaba da bayyanar cututtuka ta fuka kuma kwanan nan ya ziyarci wani wuri inda aka sani wannan cutar ta hanyar cutar da mutane.
> CDC. Yin rigakafi da kuma kula da maganin cututtuka tare da maganin rigakafin: Shawarar kwamitin Shawara kan Kwayoyin rigakafi (ACIP) - Amurka, 2014-15 Sa'a. MMWR. Agusta 15, 2014/63 (32); 691-697.
> CDC. Ciwon Bincike na Avian A (H7N9). http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/h7n9-virus.htm. Samun shiga Yuli 2013.
> WHO. Bincike Aiki na Kwanan Wata. http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/HAI_Risk_Assessment/en/index.html Samun shiga Fabrairu 2014.
> CDC. Rashin Binciken A (H3N2) Virus Variant. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/swineflu/h3n2v-cases.htm. Samun shiga Yuli 2013.
> Diana L. Tattauna hanyoyin dabarun sarrafa guraben duniya don magance ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. American Journal of Physiology - Lafiya Cellular da kuma kwayoyin halitta. 2013 Jul; 305 (2): L108-17.
> Sasiesekharan, Ram. Dalilan Tsarin Hanya na H5N1 Hemagglutinin na Yada Juyin Halitta don Juya Hannun Sakamakon Sahihanci. Cell, Volume 153, Issue 7, 1475-1485, 06 Yuni 2013.