Sources na Big Data a Medicine
Magana mai sauƙi na babban bayanai a magani shi ne "cikakkiyar bayanan da suka danganci kula da lafiyar jiki da jin daɗin rayuwa" (Raghupathi 2014). Amma menene ainihin irin waɗannan bayanai, kuma daga ina suke fitowa?
Abubuwan da ke biyowa shine zane-zane iri-iri na nau'ikan da kuma tushen manyan bayanai masu sha'awa ga masu samar da kiwon lafiya, masu bincike, masu biyan kuɗi, masu tsara manufofi, da masana'antu.
Wadannan sassa ba su da alaka ɗaya ba, saboda irin wannan bayanan zai iya samuwa daga asali masu yawa.
Kuma wannan lissafin bai zama cikakke ba, saboda yin amfani da aikace-aikacen babban bayanan bayanai zai ci gaba da fadadawa.
Bayanan Harkokin Gudanarwa
Wadannan sune asali na asibitocin da masu kula da kiwon lafiya suka saba da kallon.
- Bayanan kiwon lafiya na Electronic (EHRs) tattara, adana, da kuma nuna bayanai kamar labaru, tarihin likita, matsalolin kiwon lafiya, maganin rigakafi, allergies, magunguna, alamu masu muhimmanci, sakamako daga labarun da gwajin rediyo, labarun farfadowa, ci gaba da bayanin kula da kiwon lafiyar masu samarwa, da kuma takardun kulawa da kudi
- Bayanan likitoci na Electronic (EMRs) ba su dace da EHR ba kuma yawanci sun shafi bayanai da aka adana tare da likita.
- Hanyoyin watsa labarun lafiya suna aiki ne a tsakanin ɗakunan sadarwa na asibiti
- Masu rijista na haƙuri, masu kula da kiwon lafiya na kulawa da marasa lafiya, suna danganta da EHR. Sauran rijista suna lura da rigakafin rigakafi, ciwon daji, damuwa, da sauran al'amurran kiwon lafiya na jama'a a kan sikelin fadi.
- Siffofin haƙuri suna bawa marasa lafiya damar samun damar bayanin lafiyar mutum wanda aka adana a cikin EHR mai kula da kiwon lafiya. Wasu tashoshi masu haƙuri suna ƙyale masu amfani su buƙaci takardar sayan takardun magani da musayar saƙonni na lantarki da aka sa su tare da tawagar kula da lafiyar.
- Bayanin na asibiti na asibiti tattara adadin bayanai daga ƙwayoyin bayanai na asibitoci, irin su EHRs da sauran mawallafan da aka jera a sama
Bayanan da ake bayarwa daga masu biya
Masu biyan kuɗi (misali Medicare) da kuma masu biyan bashi suna da manyan ƙididdiga na bayanan da suka yi akan masu amfana. Wasu likitoci na kiwon lafiya yanzu suna ba da kariya don raba bayanin lafiyar ku.
Nazarin Nazarin
Binciken bincike yana dauke da bayani game da mahalarta nazarin, jiyya da gwaji. Babban kamfanoni na kamfanoni ko hukumomin gwamnati suna tallafawa ɗakunan karatu. Wani aikace-aikace na magani na musamman shi ne ya dace da marasa lafiya guda daya tare da jiyya mai kyau, bisa ga alamu a cikin gwajin gwaji.
Wannan tsarin yana wucewa bayan yin amfani da ka'idodin maganin shaidar, wanda wani mai kula da kiwon lafiya ya ƙayyade ko mai haƙuri ya ba da gudummawar halaye (misali shekarun, jinsi, jinsi, yanayin asibiti) tare da masu sauraron fitina. Tare da babban nazarin bayanan bayanai, yana yiwuwa don zaɓar magani bisa ga yawan bayanai da yawa, irin su bayanin kwayar cutar ciwon daji (duba ƙasa).
Kwamitin tallafi na ƙwararrakin ƙwayoyin cuta (CDSS) sun ci gaba da hanzari kuma yanzu suna wakiltar wani ɓangare na ilimin artificial (AI) a magani.
Suna amfani da bayanai masu haƙuri don taimaka wa likitoci tare da yanke shawara kuma an haɗa su tare da EHRs.
Halittar Bayanai
Tsarin bayanan kwayoyin halitta ya ci gaba da tarawa a cikin sauri. Tun lokacin da aka kammala aikin Dan Adam a shekara ta 2003, an rage yawan kuɗin DNA na mutum mutum sau daya. Shirin Gidan Jiki na Kasuwancin (PGP), wanda aka kaddamar a shekara ta 2005 ta Makarantar Koyarwar Harvard, ya buƙaci tsarawa da kuma fadakar da dukkanin masu aikin sa kai na 100,000 daga ko'ina cikin duniya. PGP kanta shine samfurin misali na aikin babban bayanai saboda girman girman da yawancin bayanai.
Kwayar sirrin mutum ta ƙunshi kusan 100 gigabytes na bayanai. Bugu da ƙari, a ɗaukar kwayoyin halitta, PGP ma tattara bayanai daga EHRs, bincike, da kuma bayanan microbiome.
Kamfanoni masu yawa suna ba da kayyadadden kwayoyin halitta don samar da lafiya, dabi'un mutum, da pharmacogenetics a kan kasuwanci.
Wannan bayanin sirri zai iya kasancewa ga babban nazarin bayanan bayanai. Alal misali, 23 da Na dakatar da bayar da rahotanni na jinsin lafiya ga sababbin abokan ciniki a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, 2013, don biyan Dokar Abinci da Drug. Duk da haka, a shekara ta 2015, kamfanin ya fara bada wasu sassan kiwon lafiya na gwajin kwayoyin sake, a wannan lokaci tare da amincewar FDA.
Shafin Farko
Gwamnati ta rike cikakkun bayanai game da abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya, kamar su shige da fice, aure, haihuwa, da mutuwa. Ƙididdigar Ƙasar Amirka ta tattara yawancin bayanai a kowace shekara 10 tun 1790. Cibiyoyin kididdigar ƙididdigar Ƙungiyar Census sun sami rancen biliyan 370 a shekarar 2013, kimanin kimanin biliyan 11 da aka kara a kowace shekara.
Shafin yanar gizo
Shafin bincike na yanar gizo da Google da sauran masu bincike na yanar gizo suka tattara zai iya samar da hanyoyi na ainihi game da lafiyar jama'a. Duk da haka, ana iya inganta darajar manyan bayanai daga shafukan yanar gizon ta hanyar hada shi tare da asali na bayanan kiwon lafiya.
Ma'aikatar Labarai
Facebook, Twitter da sauran dandamali na dandalin watsa labarun samar da bayanai masu yawa da yawa a kowane lokaci, ba da ra'ayi a cikin wurare, yanayin lafiyar jiki, motsin zuciyarmu, da kuma hulɗar zamantakewa na masu amfani. Ana amfani da aikace-aikacen kafofin watsa labarun babban bayanai ga lafiyar jama'a a matsayin gano cutar ta digital ko annobar cutar ta zamani. Twitter, alal misali, an yi amfani dashi don nazarin annoba na annoba a cikin yawan jama'a.
Harkokin Kasuwancin Duniya wanda ya fara a Jami'ar Pennsylvania shine wani misali na nazarin kafofin watsa labarun don fahimtar kwarewar mutane da lafiyarsu mafi kyau. Wannan aikin ya haɗu da masana kimiyya, masu ilimin lissafi da masana kimiyya na kwamfuta waɗanda suka yi nazarin harshen da ake amfani dashi lokacin yin hulɗa a kan layi, misali, yayin da ake rubutu sabuntawa a kan Facebook da Twitter. Masana kimiyya suna kallon yadda masu amfani da harshen suka shafi lafiyarsu da farin ciki. Ganowa a aikin sarrafa harshe da ilmantarwa na injuna suna taimakawa tare da aikinsu. Wani littafin da aka buga daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania ya dubi hanyoyi na tsinkayar rashin lafiya ta jiki ta hanyar nazarin kafofin watsa labarun. Ya bayyana cewa ana iya gano alamar cututtuka da sauran yanayin kiwon lafiyar mutum ta nazarin amfani da yanar gizo. Masana kimiyya sunyi bege a nan gaba wadannan hanyoyin zasu iya ganewa da taimakawa mutane masu hadari.
Intanit na Abubuwan (YA)
An tattara manyan matakan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya da kuma adana su a kan wayar hannu da gida .
- Wayoyin tafi-da-gidanka : Dubban mHealth apps tattara bayanai game da aikin mai amfani, abinci mai gina jiki, yanayin barci, motsin zuciyarmu, da sauran sigogi. Aikace-aikace na wayar salula na 'yan asalin ƙasar (misali GPS, email, texting) zai iya ba da alamun game da yanayin lafiyar mutum.
- Mai dubawa da na'urori masu launi: Masu amfani da na'urar kwalliya, masu hanzari, gilashi, katunan, da kwakwalwan kwamfuta da aka sanya a karkashin fata suna tattara bayanai masu kiwon lafiya kuma zasu iya aika su cikin girgije.
- Telemedicine na'urorin ƙyale masu kula da kiwon lafiya su saka idanu game da siginar marasa lafiya irin su karfin jini, zuciya, numfashi, oxygenation, zafin jiki, yanayin ECG, da nauyi.
Hanyoyin Kuɗi
Kasuwancin katin bashi na marasa lafiya sun haɗa su a cikin ka'idodin da Carolinas HealthCare System yayi amfani da shi don gano marasa lafiya wadanda ke cikin haɗari don karantawa zuwa asibiti. Jami'in kula da lafiyar Charlotte yana amfani da manyan bayanai don raba marasa lafiya zuwa kungiyoyi daban-daban, misali, dangane da cutar da yanayin wuri.
Abubuwan Tawuwa da Tsaro
Ya kamata a nuna cewa, a wasu lokuta, ƙila za a iya kasancewa da muhimmancin ka'idoji da kuma bayanin sirri lokacin tattarawa da samun dama ga bayanai a kiwon lafiya. Sabbin sababbin bayanai na iya inganta fahimtarmu game da abin da ke tasiri ga mutane da kuma lafiyar jama'a, duk da haka, akwai matsaloli daban-daban don a kula da su sosai da kuma kulawa. Yanzu an gane cewa bayanan da aka ɗauka cewa ba a sani ba, za'a iya sake gano su. Alal misali, Farfesa Latanya Sweeney na Kamfanin Privacy Data na Harvard ya bincikar masu sa kai na asali 1,130 da ke cikin aikin Jigilar Halitta. Ta da mambobinta sun sami damar rubuta kashi 42 cikin dari na mahalarta bisa ga bayanin da suka raba (lambar ZIP, ranar haihuwa, jinsi). Wannan ilimin zai iya ƙara fahimtarmu game da hadarin gaske kuma zai taimake mu mu inganta yanke shawara game da bayanai.
> Sources:
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> Fernandes L, O'Connor M, Weaver V. Big bayanai, mafi girma sakamakon. Journal of The American Health Association Information Association 2012; 83 (10): 38-43
> Guntuku S, Yaden D, Kern M, Ungar L, Eichstaedt J. Detecting ciki da kuma rashin lafiya tunanin mutum a kan kafofin watsa labarun: review game da . Bayani na yanzu a Kimiyya mai zurfi 2017; 18: 43-49.
> Lazer D, Kennedy R, King G, Vespignani A. Misalin Google Flu: Tarkuna a cikin Big Data Analysis . Kimiyya 2014; 343 (6176): 1203-1205.
> Raghupathi W, Raghupathi V. Babban bayanan bayanai a cikin kiwon lafiya: alkawura da potentiali al. Kimiyya na Kimiyya da Systems 2014; 2: 3.
> Sweeney L, Abu A, Winn J. Faɗakar da Mahalarta a Tsarin Jigilar Tsarin Jiki ta Sunan . Jami'ar Harvard. Labarin Sirri na Bayanan. Rubutun Fata 1021-1. Afrilu 24, 2013.