Hurorozygous wani lokaci ne wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin jinsin halittar mutum don bayyana lokacin da aka haɗa nau'i biyu na jinsin (wanda aka sani da alleles) a daidai wannan wuri (wurin) akan chromosome . Ya bambanta, homozygous shine lokacin da akwai nau'i biyu na irin wannan kallon a daidai wannan wuri.
Kalmar heterozygous an samo daga "hetero-" ma'anar ma'anar daban da ma'anar "-zygous" dangane da kwai kwai (zygote).
Ƙayyade dabi'u
Ana kiran 'yan Adam ne a matsayin kwayoyin diploid saboda suna da alamu guda biyu a kowane wuri, tare da daya daga cikin iyayensu. Ƙayyadaddun kalmomin alamu yana nufin fassarar abubuwa a jikin mutum.
Mai yiwuwa zai iya zama rinjaye ko raguwa. Dukkanin halayen su ne wadanda ke nuna dabi'ar ko da akwai guda ɗaya kawai. Abubuwan da ba za su iya ba da izini ba za su iya bayyana kansu idan akwai kofe biyu.
Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan misali shine idanuwan launin ruwan (wanda shine rinjaye) da idanu masu launin (abin da yake da ma'ana). Idan kalmomin sune heterozygous, wanda ya fi dacewa zai iya nuna kansa a kan maida hankali, wanda zai haifar da idanuwan launin ruwan kasa. A lokaci guda kuma, za a dauki mutum a matsayin "mai ɗauka" mai kwakwalwa, wanda yake nufin cewa an iya ba da ido ga ido a cikin zuriya ko da idan mutumin yana da launin ruwan kasa.
Har ila yau, alamu na iya zama cikakkun rinjaye, matsakaicin matsakaicin gado inda ba a nuna cikakkiyar kalma a kan ɗayan ba.
Misali na wannan zai iya haɗawa da wanda ya dace da fata (wanda mutum yana da karin melanin ) wanda ya haɗu tare da mai dacewa daidai da fata mai haske (wanda akwai ƙananan melanin) don ƙirƙirar fata a wani wuri tsakanin.
Ci gaban cututtuka
Bayan halaye na jiki na mutum, jigilar nau'o'in heterozygous zasu iya fassarawa a wasu lokuta a cikin mummunan haɗari na wasu yanayi kamar lalacewar haihuwar haihuwa ko cutar autosomal (cututtuka da aka samu ta hanyar jinsin halittar).
Idan an canza mutunci (ma'anar cewa yana da kuskure), za a iya maganin cutar ga zuriya ko da iyaye ba su da wata alamar rashin lafiya. Game da heterozygosity, wannan zai iya ɗauka daya daga siffofin da yawa:
- Idan kalmomin sune heterozygous ba da daɗewa ba, kuskuren rashin kuskure zai kasance da jinkiri kuma ba ya bayyana kansa ba. Maimakon haka, mutumin zai zama mota.
- Idan kalmomin sune heterozygous rinjaye, toshe mai kuskure zai zama rinjaye. A irin wannan hali, mutumin yana iya ko a'a ba zai iya shafa ba (idan aka kwatanta da homozygous dominance inda za a shafi mutumin).
Sauran heterozygous pairings zai sa mutum ya kasance cikin yanayin lafiya kamar lafiyar celiac da wasu irin ciwon daji . Wannan baya nufin cewa mutum zai kamu da cutar ba; shi kawai ya nuna cewa mutum yana cikin haɗari mafi girma. Sauran dalilai, irin su salon rayuwa da kuma yanayin, za su taka rawar gani.
Kwayoyin Halitta
Kwayoyin cuta guda daya sune wadanda ke haifar da mai maye gurbi daya maimakon biyu. Idan maye gurbi yana da jinkiri, mutum baza a shawo kan shi ba. Duk da haka, idan mai maye gurbin yana da rinjaye, ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayarwa zai iya rinjaye kullun baya kuma ya haifar da wata mummunan cututtuka na cutar ko bayyanar cututtuka.
Kwayoyin cuta guda daya suna da wuya. Daga cikin wasu ciwon magungunan ƙwayar cuta mai yawan gaske:
- Cutar cutar Huntington ita ce cuta wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kwakwalwa. Kwayar cutar ta haifar da maye gurbi a cikin ko dai ɗaya ko duka siffofin jinsin da aka kira Huntingtin .
- Nau'in neurofibromatosis-1 shine cuta wanda aka gaji inda cutar naman yana ci gaba da tasowa akan fata, spine, kwarangwal, idanu, da kwakwalwa. Sai kawai canzawa mafi rinjaye ana buƙata don jawo wannan tasiri.
- Cutar hypercholesterolemia na iyali (FH) wani cuta ne wanda aka haifa wanda ke dauke da matakan high cholesterol, musamman "lipstroteins" low-density (LDLs). Yawanci mafi yawan wadannan cututtuka, wanda ke kewaye da kusan mutum 500.
Mutumin da ke da nau'in kwayar cuta guda daya yana da 50/50 damar damar wucewa zuwa ga yaron wanda zai zama mota.
Idan iyaye biyu suna da maye gurbin maye gurbi, 'ya'yansu za su sami damar daya daga cikin hudu na bunkasa cuta. Hadarin zai kasance daidai ga kowane haihuwar.
Idan iyaye biyu suna da maye gurbi mai yawa, 'ya'yansu suna da kashi 50 cikin dari na samun rinjaye (m ko cikakke bayyanar cututtuka), samun damar kashi 25 cikin dari na samun dukkanin alamomi guda biyu (bayyanar cututtuka), da kuma kashi 25 cikin dari na samun duka lalata (babu alamar cututtuka).
Hanyoyin Hoto
Hedrozygosity mai rikitarwa shine jihar inda akwai alamu guda biyu daban-daban a wuri ɗaya wanda, tare, zai iya haifar da cutar. Waɗannan su ne, kuma, cututtuka da yawa waɗanda sukan danganta da kabilanci ko kabilanci. Tsakanin su:
- Tashin Tay-Sachs abu ne mai banƙyama, cutar gadon da ke haifar da lalata kwayoyin jijiya a cikin kwakwalwa da ƙananan ƙwayoyi. Wannan cuta ce mai saurin gaske wanda zai iya haifar da cututtuka a lokacin jariri, samari ko daga baya. Duk da yake Tay-Sachs ne ya haifar da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta na HEXA , wannan shine takamaiman kalmomin da ke ƙayyade abin da yake haifar da cutar. Wasu haɗuwa suna fassara zuwa ƙwayar yara; wasu fassara zuwa cutar ta farko.
- Phenylketonuria (PKU) wani cututtukan cututtuka ne na farko da ya shafi yara da abin da aka sani da phenylalanine ya tara a cikin kwakwalwa, haddasa rikici, ƙuntataccen tunanin mutum, da nakasawar hankali. Akwai bambancin bambancin jinsin halittar da ke hade da PKU, wanda zai iya haifar da mummunar cututtukan cututtukan da cutar.
Sauran cututtuka da wuraren da heterozygotes na fili zasu iya takawa su ne cystic fibrosis, anemia na sickle cell, da hemochromatosis (baƙin ƙarfe a cikin jini).
Hanyoyin amfani da Hurorozygote
Yayin da guda ɗaya na likita mai cuta ba yakan haifar da rashin lafiya ba, akwai lokuta inda zai iya samar da kariya daga wasu cututtuka. Wannan wani abu ne wanda aka kira shi amfani da heterozygote.
A wasu lokuta, allele daya zai iya canza aikin aikin mutum na mutum na hanyar da zai sa mutumin ya magance wasu cututtuka. Daga cikin misalai:
- Ciwon ƙwayar cutar ta sikila shine cututtukan kwayoyin cutar da aka lalata ta biyu. Samun duka lalata yana haifar da ɓarna da ɓataccen ɓarnar jini. Samun daya kadai zai iya haifar da mummunan yanayin da ake kira sikile cell trait wanda kawai wasu kwayoyin suna malformed. Wadannan canje-canje masu yawa sun isa su samar da kare lafiyar jiki daga cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ta hanyar kashe gawawwakin jini fiye da yadda cutar zata iya haifuwa.
- Cystic fibrosis (CF) wani cututtukan cututtukan kwayoyin halitta ne wanda zai iya haifar da mummunar cututtuka na huhu da magunguna. A cikin mutanen da ke dauke da homozygous alleles, CF yana sanya lokacin farin ciki, ƙuƙƙwarar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin huhu da kuma gastrointestinal tract. A cikin mutanen da ke dauke da heterozygous alleles, wannan sakamako, albeit rage, zai iya rage rashin lafiyar mutum ga kwalara da typhoid zazzaɓi . Ta hanyar samar da ƙwayar ƙwayoyin cuta, mutum baya da tsinkaye ga mummunar tasiri na cututtuka.
Irin wannan sakamako zai iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa mutane da kewayar heterozygous don wasu cututtuka na kamuwa da juna suna bayyana cewa suna da mummunan haɗari na bayyanar cutar ciwon hawan C na baya .
> Sources:
> Al-Chalabi, A. da Almasy, L. (2009) Genetics na Ƙananan cututtuka na mutane: Shirin Laboratory (1st Lab Edition). New York, New York: Cibiyar Labarun Labarun Cold Spring Harbour. ISBN-13: 978-0879698836.
> Kwayoyin Halitta. (2010) Sanin Genetics: A District na Columbia Guide ga marasa lafiya da Masana Lafiya. "Shafi G: Yanayin Halittar Halitta . " Washington, DC: District of Columbia Department of Health. PMID: 23586106.
> Wynbrandt, J. da Ludman, M. (2008) The Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders and Birth Defects (3rd Edition). New York, New York: Makarantar Lafiya da Rayuwa. ISBN-13: 978-0816063963.