Hoto wannan.
Kuna tafiya daga kitchen zuwa ɗakin kwana, watakila wucewa ta cikin ɗakin. Gilashin windows suna buɗewa kuma akwai iska mai tsafta da ke damun zaman wurin. Wuraren, da kayan kwalliya, da ganyayyaki na tsire-tsire na cikin gida da watakila ma gashinka suna motsi a cikin unison. Ba zato ba tsammani, yayin da kake gab da shiga cikin hallway, inuwa ta kama kusurwar ido kuma ka juya.
Wasan ya daidaita; duk abin da yake daidai ne. Amma a gefe ɗaya na dakin, inda babu wani abu sai iska a wani lokaci da suka wuce, yarinya a cikin wani kayan ɗamarar kore yana wasa tare da ja. Ganin yana da ban mamaki kuma duk da haka, ba ze yi mamaki ba. Har ma ta yi murmushi a gare ku kafin ta sake fara aikin ta. Kuna murmushi kuma ci gaba da tafiya zuwa ga dakuna. Karnuka uku, cat, da kuma hummingbirds biyu sun shude ka kafin ka isa makiyayar ka. A lokacin da suka wuce, ba ku da dabbobi.
Idan kana da shekarun saba'in da kuma an gano shi tare da irin lalata da ake kira Lewy body , wannan zai iya faruwa a gare ka. A hallucination shine kwarewa da rashin jin dadi idan babu wani abu mai motsi. Halin da ake ciki ya iya zama mai gani, mai kulawa, da mahimmanci kuma wani lokuta yana da mahimmanci ko gustatory. Alal misali, ƙwararriyar mahimmanci shine lokacin da kake ji wani abu da yake fatar jikinka amma babu abinda yake.
Wannan ba lallai bane da rikicewa, wanda shine rikice-rikice ko ɓataccen fahimta: idan kunyi zaton shuka a cikin dakinku yarinya ne a cikin wani kullun kore, misali. A hallucination yawanci sosai sosai da gaske gaske, kusan kamar mafarki da yake faruwa yayin da kake farka.
Yayinda wasu hallucin zasu iya zama masu jin dadin, wasu zasu iya zama mai firgita da damuwa.
Za'a iya faruwa a cikin saiti uku:
- Cututtuka na ido
- Cututtuka na kwakwalwa
- Sakamakon cutar da kwayoyi
Cututtuka na idanu
A shekarar 1760, Charles Bonnet, dan asalin halitta da kuma Falsafa na Swiss, ya fara bayyana batun da ya faru game da kakansa mai shekaru 87 wanda ya sha wahala daga shahararru . Mahaifinsa har yanzu yana da cikakkun halayen tunanin tunani, duk da haka ya ga mutane, tsuntsaye, dabbobi da gine-gine yayin da suke makanta a duk idanu! Ya ba da sunansa ga ciwon sikila na Charles Bonnet, wanda ya bayyana yadda ake gani a cikin al'amuran gani (kuma ba a gani kawai ba tare da wata hanyar da ta dace ba) a cikin tsofaffi wadanda ke da cututtuka masu ido: cututtuka na baya, macular degeneration , cataracts da lalacewa ga jijiyar ido da hanyoyi. Ba a fahimci tsarin ba. Wasu masana kimiyya sun bayar da shawarar cewa akwai "saki" daga wuraren kwakwalwa wanda ke aiwatar da hotuna. Abubuwan da aka gani daga ƙwaƙwalwarmu zuwa kwakwalwarmu kullum sun hana kwakwalwar mu daga sarrafa kowane hoto banda wanda yake a gaban idanunmu. Alal misali, idan kun yi rawar jiki da yin rana a aiki, za ku ga allon kwamfutarku a gabanku kamar yadda ya dace da bakin rairayin bakin teku wanda za ku iya ƙoƙarin gani kawai.
Lokacin da idanu ba shi da lafiya, motsa jiki na gani ba ya nan kuma wannan iko ya ɓata, saboda haka "sakewa" kwakwalwa daga kwance na gaskiya.
Cututtuka na Brain
Ayyukan halayen su ne bayyanuwar cututtuka masu yawa na kwakwalwa (da kuma tunani, idan kai ne Cartesian game da shi), kodayake an fahimci matakan su:
- Magungunan cututtukan zuciya, musamman schizophrenia, tabbas yana daga cikin yanayin da ya fi yawan haɗuwa da hallucinations a gaba ɗaya. Hanyoyin maganin schizophrenia suna kasancewa ne daga nau'i na audit, ko da yake zane-zane na iya faruwa.
- Delirium wata alama ce ta bayyanar cututtuka da aka kwatanta da rashin iyawa don kulawa da hankali tare da canje-canje a cikin sani . Zai iya faruwa a wasu sha'anin kiwon lafiya, ciki har da cutar da kake gudana-na-mill. Rigar giya zai iya haifar da delirium tare da motsi mai mahimmanci (delirium tremens). Kusan kashi ɗaya cikin uku na mutane tare da delirium na iya samun hallucinations na gani.
- Lewy jiki cututtuka wani nau'i ne na lalacewa da aka bayyana a matsayin rashin haɗin ganewa tare da motsin motsi kamar kamuwa da cututtukan Parkinson , ninkin gani, da kuma hanzari. A wannan yanayin, yawanci ana kiyaye su kuma hallucinations suna da mahimmanci kuma suna da ban sha'awa, amma ba ma bamu tsoro ba. Hakanan zai iya faruwa a wasu nau'o'in lalata, ciki har da cutar Alzheimer.
- Kayayyakin zane-zane na iya haifar da cututtuka da ke faruwa a wurare masu kwakwalwa na kwakwalwa wanda yake a cikin occipital (Latin don "baya na kai") lobes ko cikin kwakwalwa. Hanyar wannan karshen tana da alaƙa da wani "saki" abu mai kama da wanda aka ajiye don ciwo na Charles Bonnet. Zane-zane na auditory na iya faruwa a cikin shanyewar da ke shafi wuraren da ke kula da kwakwalwa a cikin kwakwalwa wanda ke cikin lobes.
- Za a iya hako da haɗin gine-ginen tare da hallucinations, irin su layi zigzag a cikin siffofin mafi sauki. Wadannan zasu iya faruwa kafin ciwon kai, ko da kansu ba tare da wani ciwo ba. Ƙari mafi mahimmanci na ƙaurawar ƙaura ta ƙaura shine rashin lafiya Alice-in-Wonderland, wanda ake kira saboda yana rinjayar fahimtar girman. Abubuwan, mutane, gine-gine ko ƙafafunku na iya bayyana da raguwa ko kara girma, kamar yadda abincin giya, cake, da kuma namomin kaza suka yi da Carroll ta heroine ingest a cikin karni na sha tara karni.
- Hypnagogic ( hypnos : barci da agogos : inducing) da kuma hypnopompic ( pompe : aikawa) hallucinations zai iya faruwa a lokacin barcin farko ko tada, daidai da. Za su iya kasancewa na gani ko masu dubawa kuma yawancin abu ne masu ban mamaki. Zasu iya haɗuwa da rashin barci irin su narcolepsy.
- Harkokin daji zai iya haifar da hanyoyi daban-daban (ciki har da gamsuwa da gustatory) dangane da wurin su a kwakwalwa. Yawanci suna da taƙaitaccen abu kuma ana iya biyan halayen sani daga karuwa da yawa. Lokacin da suka gamsu da su, sun kira wani wari mai ban sha'awa, wanda aka kwatanta dashi kamar caba.
Hanyoyin Kwayoyi
Hanyoyin Hallucinogenic, ciki har da LSD (ilimin lysergic acid diethylamide) da PCP (phencyclidine), yi aiki a kan mai kwakwalwar sinadaran cikin kwakwalwa don haifar da hasashe da kuma wasu lokuta ma'ana. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin kwayoyi da suke samuwa a kasuwar suna da nasarorin da suka hada da hallucinations. Wadannan kwayoyi zasu iya shafar tsarin sunadarai daban-daban a cikin kwakwalwa, ciki har da tsari na serotonin, dopamine ko acetylcholine (duka uku sune sunadarai masu mahimmanci don aikin kwakwalwa na al'ada). Alal misali, magungunan da ake amfani dasu don magance cututtukan Parkinson na nufin bunkasa cibiyar sadarwa, wanda ya sa mutum daya ya hadari ga hallucinations. Abin sha'awa, magunguna don magance hallucinations sau da yawa aiki ta hanyar rage yawan sakamakon dopamine.
Ko hoto, sauti, ko murya abu ne na ainihi ko ba daidai ba, yana da muhimmanci a fahimci cewa dukkanin waɗannan abubuwan da muke ɗauka a matsayin gaskiya, hakika an ƙaddamar da shi ta hanyar kwakwalwa na kwakwalwa. Muna "ganin" kawai saboda muna da hanyar kwakwalwar kwakwalwa da ta ƙware a cikin siginar haske. Canje-canje kaɗan ga wannan kayan da aka ƙayyade da kuma dukan duniya na "gaskiya" zai rushe. Yi tsammani idan kwakwalwarka tana nufin yin amfani da haske a matsayin abin da ya sa ya zama mai ƙanshi kuma ya nuna cewa: zaku san zane-zane a matsayin kayan turare da masu baƙi kamar hasken hasken. Kuma wannan, to, zai zama "gaskiya."
> Sources:
> Schadlu AP, Schadlu R Shepherd JB 3rd. Charles Bonnet ciwo: wani bita. Sanarwa na yanzu a Ophthalmology; 2009, 20 (3): 219-222.
> Teeple RC, Caplan JP, Stern TA. Kayayyakin Gini: Binciken Bambanci da Jiyya. Sabon Kasuwanci na Farko zuwa Jaridar Clinic Psychiatry; 2009, 11 (1): 26-32.