A baya, marasa lafiya ba su da alaƙa ga takardun da ke kwatanta ciwon daji. Amma waɗannan kwanakin, godiya, sun tafi. Mutane da yawa suna buƙatar takardun bayanin likita, kuma wasu cibiyoyin ciwon daji suna ba da alamar haƙuri ta hanyar abin da za a iya samun damar yin amfani da duk wani abu daga labarun rediyo zuwa labs. Amma daga duk wannan bayanin, rahotanni na cututtuka na huhu na iya zama daya daga cikin mafi wuya ga yankewa a matsayin mutum.
Don haka zan yi kokarin bayyana wasu jaririn likita don taimaka maka ka fahimci rahotonka.
Menene Gaskiya ne Game da Harkokin Bincike?
Wani rahoto na labaran shine bayanin da aka rubuta game da ciwon daji ta hanyar likita, bayan an gwada kayan da aka kwashe daga jikinka ta hanyar biopsy ko tiyata. Maimakon kawai ko babu rahoto (shi ne ciwon daji?) Wadannan rahotanni na iya daukar nauyin bayanai da yawa ba kawai taimakon likita ku fahimci bayaninku ba amma mafi kyau maganin kulawa. Wancan ya ce, ba a yi amfani da rahotanni ba ne kawai amma a maimakon haka an haɗa shi da tarihin, jarrabawar jiki, nazarin rediyo, da kuma nazarin lab don samun cikakken hoto na ciwon daji.
Bayanan kulawa kaɗan suna da taimako kafin a ci gaba. Ɗaya shine cewa kowane ciwon daji ya bambanta. Idan akwai mutane 30 da ke fama da ciwon huhu na huhu a cikin daki, za'a sami kwayar cutar kanjamau 30. Rahoton maganin bincike shine ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin da ake amfani dashi don fahimtar ciwon daji na mutum.
Wani muhimmin mahimmanci shi ne, yayin da yake da amfani don samun ciwon ta biyu (kuma watakila uku ko fiye) game da ciwon daji, za a iya yin watsi da layi na biyu game da rahotonka na farfadowa. Samun ra'ayi na biyu a kan lafiyar ku yana iya zama mahimmanci kamar samun ra'ayi na biyu game da maganin ku.
Sunan, Kwanan wata, da Bayanan Binciken
Rahotan ku na farko sun hada da sunan ku, da kuma wasu bayanan da suka dace da kuma yiwuwar ganewa da kuma yiwuwar alamar da kuka fuskanta.
Takaddun shaida
Kalmar samfurin sauti yana firgita, amma yana nufin samfurin nama wanda likita, likita, ko wani likita ya cire. Wannan sashe yana bayanin wurin a cikin jiki wanda aka samo samfurin. Lokacin da samfurin ya samo kuma ya karbi ta sashen ilimin patho an auna shi a wasu matakai.
Masarrafin Macroscopic (wanda ake kira Gross Examination)
Ma'anar "macro" yana nufin babban, kuma "babban" a jargon likita yana nufin bayyane ga ido marar kyau, wannan jarrabawa yana nufin abin da mai ilimin likita ya gani ta hanyar kallon samfurin jikinka ba tare da yin amfani da microscope-babban hoto a ainihi ba. Yana iya haɗa da girma, nauyin nau'i, da sauran halaye kamar launi da daidaituwa. Wasu ciwace-cikewa suna bayyane (kamar yadda hoto ya nuna a sama) amma wani lokaci ba a ganin wani abu ba sai an kammala mataki na gaba.
Bincike na Microscopic
Bayan kallon samfurin abin da ke jikinka, masu ilimin likitanci sukan dauki nau'i na bakin ciki wanda zasuyi amfani da su a ƙarƙashin microscope. Wadannan a wasu lokuta akwai daskararre (don yaduwa da nama sosai na bakin ciki) kuma za'a iya bi da shi tare da fenti na musamman ko wani abu kafin a sanya shi a kan zane. (Wannan tsari na iya ɗaukar lokaci kuma yana daya dalili da likitanku bazai samu sakamako ba yayin da kuke jira cikin gaggawa.) Akwai matakan da dama da suka zo daga wannan gwaji:
- Rawanin tumatir - Ɗaya daga cikin sanarwa na yau da kullum shine game da ƙwayar tumɓir (ko ƙananan martaba.) Wannan yana nufin ko an cire ciwon daji, ko kuma idan an cire shi duka, to yaya nesa daga wurin cirewa akwai shaidar ciwon daji. Alal misali, rahoto na iya cewa ƙwayar yana ci gaba da kara zuwa 1.2 cm daga gefen m.
- Darajar Tumor - Tumors za a iya kasancewa ta hanyar ƙwayar tumo. Saurin ƙwayar sautin 1 zai zama ɗaya wanda ba shi da matukar damuwa, kuma mummunan ƙwayar 3 zai zama mafi muni. Tare da ciwon daji na huhu, rahotonka na iya zama maimakon bambanci, ba daidai ba bambance-bambancen, ko kuma wanda ba a sani ba. Kwayoyin da ke da kyau dabam-dabam suna karuwa a hankali, yayin da ciwon daji ba tare da jin dadi ba sukan kara girma sosai. Bugu da ƙari ga bayyanarwar bayyanar kwayoyin cutar Kanjamau, masu binciken likita suna kallon abubuwa da dama don sanin yadda mummunan ciwon sukari yake. Wadannan sun hada da abubuwa kamar ayyukan mota (yadda yawancin kwayoyin cutar ciwon daji ke nunawa) lokacin da aka gano nauyin ƙwayar cuta.
- Kwayar ciwon daji - Tare da ciwon huhu na huhu, akwai manyan iri biyu. Magungunan ƙwayar cutar kwayar cutar ba su da kashi 80 cikin 100 na ciwon huhu da kuma kwayoyin jikinsu suna da irin wannan bayyanar a karkashin microscope. Ƙananan ciwon daji na ƙwayar cuta ya fi yawancin saura kuma suna da bambanci daban-daban a ƙarƙashin microscope. Ƙananan ƙwayar cutar kwayar cutar ta ƙara raba zuwa adenocarcinomas , cellcin car cellular cellular , da kuma carcinomas cell squamous dangane da irin kwayar cutar cancer da aka samo asali, bayyanar a karkashin microscope, kazalika da jarrabawar jarrabawa wanda ke duban wasu alamomi (duba kasa .) Wani abu mai ban mamaki ga mutane da yawa lokacin kallon rahoton su na kwayar cutar ita ce, ciwace-ciwacen daji ba su dace da juna ba a cikin wata ƙungiya ko wani. Alal misali, rahoto na iya cewa tumar ita ce ciwon ƙwayar cutar kututtukan kwayoyin halitta ba tare da wasu siffofin ƙwayar cutar ciwon huhu ba.
- A Situ vs Filtrating / Invasive - Wani bayanin da za ka iya gani a rahotonka shi ne cewa kututture yana cikin wuri ko kuma yana ciwo ko ɓarna. A wuri yana kwatanta ciwon daji wanda yake samuwa a cikin sel kawai inda ya fara. Yawancin masana kimiyya sunyi la'akari da cewa wadannan kwayoyin halitta ne da suka fi dacewa maimakon kwayoyin cutar. Ciwon daji na huhu wanda aka bincikarsa a wannan mataki ana daukar mataki na 0. Mafi yawancin lokaci tare da ciwon huhu da ciwon huhu a jikin mahaukaci an kwatanta shi ne mai lalacewa ko ɓarna. Wannan yana nufin cewa ciwon sukari ya yada bayan jikin da ya ci gaba da kuma yana da ikon yada (metastasize) zuwa wasu sassa na jiki. Masu ilmin likita na iya lura da wani abu da ake kira "invasion angiolymphatic". Wannan ya bayyana ko tumar ya mamaye tasoshin jini da / ko tasoshin jini.
- Ayyukan kumburi na Lymph - Idan kana da tiyata don cire tumɓin ka, za a iya cire ƙwayoyin lymph don ganin idan sun kasance masu mummunan hali (masu kyau) ko marasa lafiya (ƙananan.) Za a lura da wannan a cikin rahoton tare da bayanai kamar su Kwayoyin lymph sun kasance kusa da kututture, ko kuma nisa mai nisa, kuma suna iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin maganin likitan ku.
- Sanya - Wani lokaci ana ba da wani mataki a matsayin ɓangare na rahotonka na pathology. Don sanin ƙayyadaddun tsari, masu binciken likita suna kallon haɗuwa da ƙwayar ƙwayar tumɓir, ƙwayar ƙumburi na lymph, kuma yayinda tumarin ya yadu zuwa wasu sassan jiki (metastasized.) Akwai wasu hanyoyi daban-daban da za'a iya bayyana ciwon daji. Magungunan ciwon huhu na kananan kwayoyin halitta ya rabu zuwa kashi 4 na farko . Don ƙayyade waɗannan matakan likitoci suna amfani da wani abu da ake kira TNM . Tare da wannan tsarin T yana nuna girman ƙwayar ƙwayar tumɓir, N yana tsaye don kasancewa da yawan adadin ƙwayoyin lymph, kuma M yana tsaye ne ga ƙananan metastases. Tare da ƙwayar ciwon huhu na kananan kwayoyin cutar kawai akwai matakai 2 kawai: mataki mai zurfi da mataki na iyaka .
Protein / Gene Markers
Akwai ƙarin gwaje-gwaje da yawa wanda likitanku zai iya yi a kan kututtukan ku don taimakawa wajen gano ko wane irin ciwon huhu na huhu yake, ko kuma ƙwayarku shine ainihin ciwon daji wanda ya tashi a wani ɓangaren jikin ku kuma ya yada zuwa ga huhu. Wasu misalan waɗannan sun haɗa da TTF-1, p63, CD56, da chromogranin.
Farfesa na kwayoyin halitta
Kwanan nan, an ci gaba da ci gaba da maganin cutar kanjamau ta hanyar fahimtar wasu ƙayyadaddun kwayoyin halitta wanda "kullu" ci gaban ciwon daji. Ga wasu mutane, musamman mutanen da ke fama da adenocarcinoma, an samo asali ne don magance cutar wadda ke da sauƙaƙan sakamako fiye da ilimin chemotherapy. Sauye-sauye na kowa da aka gwada sun hada da EGFR , KRAS, ROS1 , da ALK . A yanzu an ba da shawarar cewa za a iya gwada ciwon daji na ƙananan ciwon ƙwayoyin cutar saboda waɗannan maye gurbin - amma binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa kashi 60 cikin dari ne kawai na masu ilimin likita masu ilimin halitta kawai suke yin haka.
Sanin asali
Sashe na ƙarshe na rahotanni na ilimin cututtuka shine ganewar asali wanda masanin ilimin lissafi ya taƙaita binciken. Wannan zai hada da irin ciwon daji, sifa (yadda ya bambanta shi), ko duk wani ƙwayar lymph ya kasance tabbatacce, da kuma mataki.
Mataki na gaba
Idan an gaya muku kwanan nan cewa kuna da ciwon huhu na huhu, duba waɗannan matakai na farko da za ku dauka , kuyi la'akari da ra'ayi na biyu , kuma ku tambayi tambayoyi masu yawa. Kada ka taba jin cewa kayi yawancin lokacin likitanka-cewa 'abin da aka biya ta. Idan ba'a amsa tambayoyinka ba daidai ba, nemi likita wanda zai iya amsa su.
Sources:
Cibiyar Cancer ta Kasa. FactSheet. Rahotanni. Updated 09/23/10.