Tare da Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, da kuma Maria da ke cinye Texas, Florida, da kuma Puerto Rico, watau kakar guguwa ta 2017 ta Atlantic ta kasance daya daga cikin mafi munin cikin tarihi. Baya ga daruruwan biliyoyin daloli a cikin lalata, waɗannan guguwa sun haɗu da yawan rayuka.
Ko da yake saurin gaggawa na Hurricancin Amurka 5 suna da ban mamaki, sakamakon haka ambaliyar ruwa ta haifar da barazanar barazana kamar cutar ruwa.
Binciken da annobar cutar 548 da aka samu a shekarun 1900 ya nuna cewa kashi 51 cikin 100 na wadannan annobar cutar sun riga sun wuce matsanancin matsanancin matsala.
Magungunan ruwan ruwa suna daukar kwayar cutar ta hanyar hanya mai laushi. Sakamakon ƙananan ƙwayoyin microscopic suna zuwa cikin ruwa da abinci, saboda haka yaduwa kamuwa da cuta. Bayan ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa, tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire ba su kasa ba, kuma sun saki ganyayyaki maras kyau.
Bari mu dubi wasu cututtuka biyar na ruwa: kwayoyin cutar dysentery, kwalara, ciwon sukari, hepatitis A , da leptospirosis .
Dysentery na kwayan cuta
Dysentery yana nufin cututtuka, jini da jini. Kwayoyin da ke haifar da dysentery sun hada da C. jejuni , E. coli 0157: H7, E. coli non-0157: H7, Sauran Salmonella , da Shigella. Dukansu E. coli 0157: H7 da E. coli wadanda basu da 0157: H7 suna samar da toxin Shiga. Shigella shine mafi yawan hanyar dysentery, kuma kamar sauran pathogens za'a iya gano ta amfani da al'adu mai kwakwalwa.
Kwayoyin cuta masu yawa na dysentery sun hada da ciwo mai raɗaɗi, zafi na ciki, da zazzaɓi.
Saboda kwayoyin kirkiro ciwon da ciwon zuciya, turawa da jini sun kasance a cikin ɗakin. Kwayoyin za su iya haifar da ulceration. Bugu da ƙari, kwayoyin za a iya yada zuwa jini-sakamakon sakamakon kwayar cutar, ko kuma kamuwa da jini. Marasa lafiya wadanda suka raunana tsarin rigakafi ko wadanda ba su da abinci ba su kasance mafi haɗari ga kwayar cuta.
Dysentery ya fi tsanani fiye da ciwon ciki - musamman a kananan yara fiye da 5 da kuma tsofaffi fiye da 64. Wannan kamuwa da cuta yakan haifar da rashin lafiya kuma zai iya zama m.
Lokacin da dysentery ba shi da kyau ko mai haƙuri ba zai iya inganta tare da maganin kwayoyin cutar na farko ba, colonoscopy zai iya taimakawa tare da ganewar asali. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da rubutun kwamfuta na kwakwalwa don tantance dysentery a lokuta mafi tsanani.
Dysentery ana bi da shi tare da maganin rigakafi da kuma baka ko ruwaye mai ciki. A cikin yara, Shigella, Salmonella, ko kuma kamuwa da Campylobacter suna bi da azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ko ceftriaxone. A cikin tsofaffi, ana kula da dysentery tare da azithromycin ko fluoroquinolones.
Sanarwar Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli 0157: H7 da E.coli wadanda basu da 0157: H7 da ke dauke da maganin kwayoyin halitta ne mai kawo rigima. Akwai damuwa cewa maganin cututtuka zai haifar da ciwo mai cututtuka-mai cututtuka ta hanyar kara yawan aikin Shiga. Sashin ciwon cututtuka mai cututtuka yana da mummunar yanayin da zai shafi jini da kodan.
Cholera
Cholera tana nufin cututtukan cututtukan da wasu cututtuka na Vibrio cholerae suka haifar . Ciwon kwalara na Vibrio cholerae ne ke ɓoye, wanda ke kunna adenylyl cyclase, wani enzyme wanda ke cikin sel na kwakwalwa na ƙananan hanji, don haka yana samar da rashin tsarkewa na ruwa da kuma acid a cikin gut da ke haifar da cututtuka.
Ƙarar zawo zai iya adadin 15 L a rana! Rashin haɗarin haushi na sauri yakan haifar da girgizar hypovolemic, mummunan haɗari da kuma mummunan yanayin.
Rushewar ruwa na kwalara na da launin toka, hadari, ba tare da wari, turawa, ko jini ba. Wannan lokutan wani lokaci ana kiransa "shinkafa-ruwa."
Yankunan Stool da gwaje-gwaje na jini sun nuna alamun kamuwa da cutar kwalara.
Ko da a yankunan ambaliyar ruwa, ana iya samun kwalara a Amurka. Sanin tsabtace zamani da kuma maganin shayarwa sun kawar da cutar kwalara a Amurka. Dukkan lokuta na cutar kwalara a Amurka za a iya komawa zuwa tafiye-tafiye na duniya.
Cholera ravages kasashe masu tasowa tare da ruwa mara kyau da tsabtace ruwa, kuma shine annoba na yunwa, tsutsawa, da kuma yaki. Babban babban annobar cutar kwalara a yammacin Yammacin Turai ya faru a bayan bayanan girgizar kasa na 2010 a Haiti. Harshen Haiti ya kashe dubban mutane.
Makasudin magani ga kwalara shine maye gurbin ruwa. A cikin sauƙi ko matsakaici, sauyawa maye gurbi na iya zama baki. An yi amfani da maye gurbin miki tare da cutar mafi tsanani.
Ana iya amfani da maganin rigakafin cututtuka don rage yawancin cutar kwalara. Wadannan maganin rigakafin sun hada da azithromycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, fluoroquinolones, da tetracycline. Daga bayanin kula, yawan damuwa na maganin ƙwayar cuta na rayuwa.
Ko da yake akwai alurar riga kafi ga kwalara, yana da tsada, ba mai tasiri ba, kuma baya taimaka wajen gudanar da annobar cutar ba. Daga hangen zaman lafiya na jama'a, hanya mafi kyau ta magance annobar kwalara ita ce ta kafa zubar da sharar gida mai kyau da kuma samar da abinci mai tsabta da ruwa.
Enteric Fever
Shigar da zazzaɓi yana haifar da nau'in kwayoyin kwayoyin Salmonella. Ciwon zazzaɓin jini na musamman yana nufin ciwon daji da ke cikin salmonella typhi. Salmonella ya shiga cikin jikin ta cikin ƙananan hanji kuma yana mamaye jini. Kwayoyin za su iya yada daga gut zuwa wasu sassan kwayoyin halitta, ciki har da huhu, koda, gallbladder, da kuma tsarin kulawa na tsakiya.
A cikin lokuta masu rikitarwa, zazzaɓi na jiki yana nuna kamar ciwon kai, tari, malaise, da ciwon makogwaro da kuma ciwo na ciki, dagewa, da maƙarƙashiya. Tsuntsaye yana hawa a cikin wata hanya, kuma a lokacin dawowa, jiki zazzabi ya dawo zuwa al'ada.
Ba tare da rikitarwa ba, zazzaɓi za ta rabu kuma mutumin da ke da ciwon zafin jiki zai dawo cikin mako guda ko biyu. Duk da haka, ko da bayan da zazzabi ya rushe, mai haƙuri zai iya sake dawowa kuma ya yi rashin lafiya tare da ciwon zazzabi.
Wadannan matsala suna da mummunan gaske kuma sun hada da zub da jini, tsinkayyar hanji, da kuma girgiza. Kimanin kashi 30 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke dauke da ciwon sukari wanda basu karbi magani ba zasu haifar da matsaloli, kuma wadannan mutane suna da kashi 75 cikin 100 na mutuwar saboda cutar zazzabi. A cikin mutanen da ake bi da su tare da maganin rigakafi, yawan mutuwar kimanin kashi 2.
Yin amfani da al'adu na jini za a iya amfani dashi don tantance cutar zafin jiki. Leukopenia, ko wani digo a cikin kwayoyin jini mai tsabta, ma gano.
Saboda ci gaba da juriya na kwayoyin cuta, masu amfani da kwayoyin cutar kwayoyin sune zabi don maganin cutar zazzabin typhoid. Ceftriaxone, wani cephalosporin, yana da tasiri.
Kodayake maganin alurar rigakafin cutar zafin jiki yana samuwa, ba koyaushe yana da tasiri ba. Hanya mafi kyau don hana cutar zazzaɓi ta hanyar tabbatar da isasshen sharar gida da amfani da abinci mai tsabta da ruwa.
Za'a iya yaduwa cutar zazzaɓi daga mutum zuwa mutum; Saboda haka, mutane da wannan kamuwa da cuta ba su kula da abinci ba. Wasu 'yan tsirarun mutanen da suka kamu da Salmonella typhi sun zama masu ci gaba, masu tayar da hankali kuma suna iya yada cutar idan ba a magance su ba da dama tare da maganin rigakafi. Za a iya biyan masu sufurin lokaci na tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ko gallbladder.
Hepatitis A
Kodayake cutar kutsawa A kamuwa da cuta shine yawancin lokaci kuma ba mummunan ba, bayyanar cututtuka na wannan kamuwa da cuta suna da matukar damuwa. Kimanin kashi 80 cikin dari na manya da ke fama da ciwon hauka A ciwon zazzaɓi, ciwo mai zafi, rashin hasa, ciwo, tashin zuciya, kuma daga baya a lokacin rashin lafiya, jaundice.
Mutuwa saboda hepatitis A yana da wuya kuma yawanci yakan faru ne a cikin mutanen da suka tsufa ko wadanda ke da cutar ciwon hanta, irin su hepatitis B ko hepatitis C.
Cutar cututtuka na hepatitis A yawanci mafi ƙarshe fiye da makonni takwas. Ƙananan marasa lafiya na iya daukar watanni shida don farfadowa.
An gano cutar Hepatitis A tare da taimakon jarabawar jini wanda ya gano wasu kwayoyin cutar.
Babu magani na musamman don hepatitis A wanzu, kuma ana gargadin marasa lafiya don samun yawancin hutawa da wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki.
Abin farin ciki shine maganin rigakafin hepatitis A kusan kashi 100 cikin 100, kuma tun lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a 1995, yawan kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta a Amurka ya sauke fiye da kashi 90. An riga an bada maganin rigakafi na hepatitis A don yara da suka kai shekaru 12 da haihuwa da kuma tsofaffi daga cikin manyan kamfanonin da suka kamu da cutar irin su wadanda ke zaune a yankunan da cutar ta kamu da cutar ta A.
Saboda kamuwa da cuta tare da hepatitis A yana ɗaukan makonni biyu da za a riƙe, ba da jimawa ba bayan bayyanarwa, za'a iya hana bayyanar cututtuka na kamuwa da cuta ko maganin alurar riga kafi ko kuma kula da globulin.
Kodayake ba tare da alaƙa da bala'o'i da ambaliya, a shekara ta 2003 da 2017, manyan annoba guda biyu na cutar hepatitis A sun faru. Na farko ya faru a Beaver County, Pennsylvania, kuma an gano shi da albarkatun kore da aka gurbata a cikin gidan gidan abincin Mexican. Na biyu ya faru a San Diego da kuma saboda tsaftaceccen tsabta - an bayyana wannan lamarin a tsakanin 'yan mamaye marasa gida. Tare da wadannan annobar cutar ta haifar da daruruwan asibiti da kuma mutuwar mutane da yawa.
Leptospirosis
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, leptospirosis ya sake bayyana a matsayin mai cututtukan da ke fama da cututtuka da annobar cutar da ke faruwa a kowace nahiyar. Leptospirosis wata cuta ne mai zoonotic, wanda ke nufin cewa dabbobi ne suke daukar kwayar cutar zuwa ga mutane. Ya bayyana cewa leptospirosis kuma za'a iya daukar kwayar cutar tsakanin mutane biyu.
Leptospires suna da ƙananan kwayoyi, kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin motsa jiki da kwayoyi masu kwakwalwa suka kawo wa mutane ta hanyar berayen, dabbobin gida, da dabbobin gona. Hanyoyin mutum yana iya faruwa ta hanyar mu'amala da muhalli kuma yana iya zama na biyu don yin hulɗar kai tsaye tare da ƙwayar cutar, fata, jini, ko nama.
An rarraba Leptospirosis a duniya; Duk da haka, yana da yawanci a wurare masu zafi da yankuna. An kiyasta cewa leptospirosis yana rinjayar mutane miliyan daya a shekara, tare da kashi 10 cikin dari na marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar.
A shekara ta 1998, fashewar leptospirosis a Springfield, Illinois, daga cikin masu fafatawa a triathlon. Wadannan kwayoyin cutar sun kamu da cutar bayan yin iyo a cikin ruwa na tafkin. A bayyane yake, ruwan sama mai yawa ya haifar da noma a cikin tafkin.
Tsirar leptospirosis yakan faru a fadin cuts, denuded fata, da kuma mucous membrane na idanu da baki.
Leptospirosis ya gabatar da wani nau'i na bayyanar cututtuka. A wasu mutane, leptospirosis ba shi da alamar cututtuka kuma yana da matukar damuwa. A cikin siffofin m, bayyanar cututtuka na leptospirosis sun hada da zazzabi, ciwon kai, da kuma tsoka. Babban leptospirosis yana haifar da jaundice, rashin koda koda, da zub da jini; wannan nau'i na bayyanar cututtuka ana kira su cutar Weil. Mai yiwuwa leptospirosis zai iya gabatar da ciwon jini tare da jini, ko kuma ya zubar da jini daga cikin huhu, wanda mai yiwuwa ko kuma ba tare da jaundice ba.
Yawancin mutanen da ke fama da leptospirosis warkewa. Mutuwa zai iya faruwa a lokuta na ciwon da ke ci gaba da cutar wanda ya haddasa lalacewa ta tsakiya da kuma jini. Masu tsofaffi da kuma marasa lafiya masu juna biyu suna cikin haɗarin haɗari ga mutuwa na biyu zuwa leptospirosis.
Yana da muhimmanci a magance leptospirosis tare da maganin rigakafi don hana ƙwayar jikin. Dole ne a bi da marasa lafiyar da wuri-wuri kafin aukuwar kwayar halitta ta auku. Leptospirosis za a iya bi da su tare da iyakar maganin maganin rigakafi, ciki har da, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ko doxycycline.
Bugu da ƙari, maganin maganin rigakafin cututtuka, kulawa mai tallafi irin su gudanar da ruwa mai kwakwalwa ma dole ne.
A lokuta da cututtuka mai tsanani, dole ne a damu da cututtukan koda tare da gajeren lokaci na dialysis. Marasa lafiya na jini zai iya buƙatar samun iska mai inganci.
Akwai maganin leptospirosis ga dabbobi. Wasu tsofaffi sun riga an maganin alurar riga kafi; Duk da haka, wannan yanki ne na buƙatar ƙarin nazari.
Ƙaddara Up
Kodayake {asar Amirka na da arzikin da ke da kyakkyawar tsaftacewa da kayayyakin aiki, bala'o'i-irin su guguwa da ambaliya-suna faruwa. A lokacin wadannan lokuta na rikice-rikice, cututtukan ruwa suna iya yadawa.
Dangane da sauyin yanayi da kuma iskar gas, gashin yanayin yanayi ya nuna cewa a shekara ta 2100, za a sami karuwa a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na hazo, wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen sake fadada cututtuka na ruwa.
> Sources:
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> Bernstein AS. Canjin yanayi da cututtuka. A: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Ka'idodin Magunguna na Harrison, 19th New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014.
> Cututtuka na cututtuka. A: Iserson KV. eds. Magungunan da aka gina: Samar da kulawa a wurare masu zafi, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
> Pfeiffer M, DuPont HL, Ochoa TJ. Mai haƙuri yana gabatar da dysentery mai zurfi - nazari na yau da kullum. J Cutar. 2012; 64 (4): 374-86. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2012.01.006
> Schwartz BS. Kwayoyin cuta & Kwayoyin cuta na Chlamydial. A cikin: Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW. eds. Sanarwar Asibiti ta Yanzu da Jiyya 2018 New York, NY.