Kodayake rashin lafiyar Powassan yana da wuya, a kowace shekara, akwai mutane da yawa da ake bincikar su.
An gano wannan cutar a Powassan, Ontario, a 1958, lokacin da aka ware shi daga kwakwalwar wani yarinya wanda ya mutu daga ƙwayar cuta, wanda shine alama ce ta kamuwa da cutar Powassan. Daga tsakanin shekara ta 1958 zuwa 1998, mutane 27 kawai aka gano da cutar ta Powassan.
Daga tsakanin 2003 da 2017 wannan lambar yana da fiye da tripled, tare da mutane 85 da aka gano.
A cewar masana marubuta na shekara ta 2017 da ake kira "Virukan Virus: Wani Kwayar Rigakafin Lafiya ta Jama'a a Arewacin Amirka," wannan Yunƙurin "na iya kasancewa saboda ƙara yawan kulawa da gwaji don ƙwayoyin cuta na arthropod, ainihin fitowar ta cutar, ko a hade da duka abubuwan. "
Bayani
Kamar cutar Zika , kwayar dengue , da cutar ta West Nile , kamfanonin Powassan wani nau'in flavirus ne. Ya kasance kama da wata cuta mai dauke da ƙwaƙwalwa wanda ke haifar da cututtukan ƙwayar cuta: cututtukan ƙwayar cuta na ciki (TBEV). Kwayar cuta tare da TBEV yafi yawan kwayar cutar Powassan, tare da dubban mutane a Turai da Asiya da ke fama da ciwon daji da kuma meningitis a kowace shekara.
Mafi yawan abin da muka sani game da ikon Powassan cutar na iya canzawa da kuma yiwuwar haifar da rashin lafiya yana danganta ne akan TBEV, wanda ake la'akari da damuwa na kiwon lafiya na kasa da kasa kuma yafi karatu fiye da cutar Powassan.
Hakanan, an halicci alurar rigakafin TBEV.
Kwayar Powassan wata kwayar cutar RNA ne guda guda. Ta hanyar fasaha, ƙwayar Powassan ta ƙunshi nau'i biyu: ƙwayoyin cutar virus na Powassan da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar cuta (DTV). A cikin wannan labarin, zamu juya zuwa ga waɗannan kamanni biyu (duk da haka na layi da jinsin bambanci) kamar yadda Powassan cutar ke.
Ana amfani da sinadarin Powassan ta hanyar Ixodes wanda yafi dacewa da cuts. Rarraban Powassan cutar ya fito ne daga Virginia har zuwa arewa zuwa Nova Scotia. Ana kuma samo shi a ciki na Amurka da Canada, ciki har da New York, Pennsylvania, Quebec, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, da Ontario. An gano magungunan Powassan har zuwa yammacin Colorado, California, da British Columbia.
Yawancin lokaci, an rarraba furotin Powassan a yankuna na Arewa da Great Lake, tare da Hudson Valley a New York da kuma New Ingila suna yin rahoton mafi yawan lokuta.
Abin sha'awa shine, ana gano cutar Powassan a Rasha; duk da haka, wannan rarraba ta musamman zai yiwu ne saboda gabatarwa guda fiye da shekaru 100 da suka wuce-watakila daga kayan da aka shigo da shi don cinikayyar karuwar 1800s.
Ƙungiyar Ixodes wadda ke dauke da cutar ta Powassan tana kula da dabbobi da dama, ciki har da squirrels, kulluna, shinge, skunks, voles, deer, da fararen fata. Duk da haka, 'yan adam basu da alaka da dabbobin da ba su da kullun, irin su launi da skunks. Maimakon haka, iyalan Ixodes zai iya shawo kan mutane bayan sun wuce ta wurin littafi wanda yaron da fararen fata suka fara da shi.
Clinic Symptoms
Yawanci, mutane ba za su iya tunawa lokacin da aka raba su ta hanyar Ixodes .
Yawancin mutanen da aka sare ta hanyar kaska basu ci gaba da bayyanar cututtuka ba. A wa anda suke ci gaba da bayyanar cututtuka, ana iya ɗauka tsakanin makonni biyar da biyar don kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta. Hakanan, yana ɗaukan minti 15 kawai don kaska don haɗawa da aika da cutar Powassan.
Da farko, mutanen da suka zama bayyanar cututtuka sun haifar da rashin lafiya kamar rashin lafiya, wanda zai iya zama tare da ciwon kai, da alamomin gastrointestinal, damuwa, rashin jinƙai, da gaggawa. A cikin kwanaki da yawa daga cikin wadannan alamun bayyanar, cututtuka na karuwa. Encephalitis tana nufin ƙonewar kwakwalwa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararren kashin kuma zai iya zama babban abu mai lalata ga meningitis da myelitis.
Da zarar kwakwalwa da kashin baya ya zama mummunan wuta, wadannan alamun bayyanar sun bayyana:
- Ciwon kai
- Lethargy
- Riƙe
- Matsalar magana
- Daidai
- Matsaran hangen nesa
- Maganar zance
- Vomiting
- Rashin numfashi
- Rashin daidaituwa
Kimanin kashi 10 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke cike da ƙwayar cuta. Bugu da ƙari, kashi 50 cikin dari na mutane suna ci gaba da haifar da matsalolin matsalolin da ba su dace ba. Abubuwan da ke tattare da matsaloli na yau da kullum sun hada da ciwon kai na ci gaba, ciwo na tsoka, da matsalolin ƙwaƙwalwa.
Sanin asali
Ana bincikar kamuwa da cutar ta Powassan bisa ga jarrabawar gwaji da gwajin gwajin.
Dole ne ganewar asibiti ya cika ka'idoji guda uku:
- zazzabi mafi girma ko ko daidai da digiri Celsius 38
- duk wani alamu na tsarin rashin tausayi
- babu wani ƙwayar asibiti
Nazarin maganin bincike shine hanyar farko ta gano Powassan cutar a cikin lab. Gwajin maganin bincike yana gano kwayoyin cutar zuwa cutar a cikin samfurin jini, jini, ko nama.
A cewar CDC, a nan akwai wasu bayanan bincike game da cutar Powassan:
Harkokin Electroencephalography (EEG) a cikin marasa lafiya tare da POW virus encephalitis ya nuna yawancin rawanin aiki kuma sakamakon zai iya kama da wadanda aka gani a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta na simplex virus. MRI na kwakwalwa a marasa lafiya da kwayar cutar ta POW suna nuna canje-canje da ya dace da ischemia da ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙaddamar da cututtuka a cikin launi ko na lobes; Sakamakon kwakwalwa CT scans ba su da amfani sosai.
Jiyya
Babu maganin warkar da cutar Powassan. Maimakon haka, ana nuna alamun bayyanar tareda ruwa mai kwakwalwa, samun iska mai kwakwalwa, da magunguna da rage ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, babu cikakken shaidar da za ta samar da shawarwarin gargajiya.
Magunguna da kuma immunoglobulin intravenous (IVIG) sun kasance an lura su zama masu tasiri a cikin maganin kamuwa da cuta. Babu tabbacin cewa magani na maganin antiviral (watau ribavirin) yana da tasiri. Musamman, wani mai haƙuri wanda aka bi da shi tare da alamar zumunta da kuma ribavirin har yanzu ya mutu daga cutar. Daga bayanin kula, masu ciwon sanyi, IVIG, interferon, da kuma ribavirin dukkanin abin da ke tattare da tsarin komputa ba su da mahimmanci.
Kodayake ba bincike ba, kwakwalwa tareda MRI zai iya zama ƙwarewa kuma ya nuna wadanda marasa lafiya zasu fi muni a cikin dogon lokaci.
Rigakafin
A halin yanzu, babu maganin alurar rigakafi na Powassan. Akwai maganin rigakafi na TBEV, wanda yake kama da cutar Powassan, kuma ana samun wadannan maganin a cikin Rasha da Turai. Duk da haka, wadannan maganin TBEV ba su tabbatar da tasiri ba wajen hana kamuwa da cutar Powassan.
Bugu da ƙari, Powassan cutar ne irin flavivirus, kuma ban da maganin TBEV, akwai maganin alurar rigakafi ga sauran nau'ikan flavivirus, ciki har da zazzabi da zazzabi da kuma jigon japan Japan. Duk da haka, ƙwayoyin Powassan sunyi kama da wasu nau'ikan flavivirus a cikin kwayoyin kwayoyin haka haka wadannan maganin ma suna amfani da ita.
A halin yanzu, hanya mafi kyau don kauce wa kamuwa da cuta ta Powassan shine ta bin umarnin hana. Akwai matakai na sirri da kuma dukiya da za ku iya ɗauka don rage yawan hadarin kasuwa da ya hada da waɗannan:
- Ka guji hulɗar kai tsaye tare da ticks ta hanyar guje wa yankunan da ke cikin gida tare da babban litter leaf.
- Walk zuwa tsakiyar hanyoyi.
- Yi amfani da maƙalashi wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 20 ko fiye DEET, picaridin, ko IR3535. Aiwatar da ƙyama ga wuraren fatar jiki.
- Yi tufafi da ke da tsalle da launin haske. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwanƙwan wando a cikin safa.
- Lokacin da ake yi wa yara kwari, kada su yi amfani da aikace-aikace ga idanu, hannayensu, da baki.
- Yi amfani da tufafi da kaya da ke dauke da permethrin.
- Shafa da zaran ka dawo gida sannan ka yi rajistan rajistan ta amfani da madubi. Cire duk tikitin nan da nan.
- Binciki dukan tufafi, kayan gwaninta, da dabbobi don takalma.
- Don kashe cuts a kan tufafi, wanke tufafi a cikin ruwan zafi kuma bushe a kan zafi mai zafi.
- Bincika dabbobin ku don tikiti bayan sun ciyar lokaci a waje.
- Cire wuraren yanki na yanki, irin su tsayi mai tsayi, goge, da ƙananan batutu, daga dukiyarku.
- Shuka lawn ku akai-akai don rage wuraren yanki.
- Gina fences don kiyaye namomin jeji daga mallakar ku.
- Cire kayan ɗakin da aka watsar da sauran shaguwa wanda kasan ya zauna daga yadi.
- Gyara itace a cikin manyan batutu don hana infestation by rodents cewa ɗauke da ticks.
- Sanya filin wasa da kayan wasa daga bishiyoyi da ƙananan wuraren.
- Ka yi la'akari da yin amfani da magungunan magungunan ƙwayoyi (watau acaricides) ko masu cin zarafi akan kareka, ciki har da turɓaya, ƙuƙummaccen alaƙa, sprays, ko magunguna. Yi magana da likitan ku farko.
- Ka yi la'akari da samun wargazawar da zai shafe gida.
Cats suna kula da magungunan kashe qwari; Saboda haka, kada ku yi amfani da kwari a jikin ku ba tare da yin magana da likitan ku ba.
Future Directions
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an samu ci gaba a kokarin bincike na amfani da cutar Powassan.
Da yake sa ido, a cikin yaki da cutar Powassan, zai zama da muhimmanci ga masana kimiyya don nazarin balagagge maras kyau da kuma ƙananan ƙwayoyin Ixodes waɗanda aka samo daga filin domin su fahimci tsarin rayuwa da kuma raɗaɗɗa na waɗannan tikiti da kuma abubuwan da suka haifar da juyin halitta. Daga bayanin kula, wasu masana sun nuna cewa sauye-sauye a cikin rayuwan wannan kasida zai iya bayyana ƙara yawan ƙwayar cutar.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, masana kimiyya sun buƙaci nazarin maganin maganin cutar ta jiki a cikin furotin Powassan a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke aiki. Musamman, masu bincike sun buƙaci fahimtar tsarin zagaye na magungunan cutar ba kawai a cikin takaddun ba har ma a cikin dabbobi. Wadannan bayanai zasu taimaka wa masana kimiyya su gano magungunan warkewa da kuma gano irin yadda cutar Powassan ta ci gaba da zama a cikin yanayi.
Don fahimtar abin da ke faruwa na tsawon lokaci na kamuwa da cuta, ana bukatar nazarin gwaje-gwajen da za a biyo bayan kungiyoyin marasa lafiya a tsawon lokaci (watau nazarin jarrabawa).
A Wisconsin, wasu kaskoki zasu iya aikawa da kamfanonin Powassan da cutar Lyme, tare da yin haɗin gwiwa tare. Wannan kamuwa da kamuwa da cuta zai iya bayyana alamun cutar cutar Lyme kuma yana bukatar a kara nazarin.
Kalma Daga
Duk da cewa rare, yawan mutanen da suka kamu da cutar Powassan suna tashi da rashin lafiya mai tsanani suna buƙatar samun asibiti. Da karin gwaji da haɓakawa, yana yiwuwa Powassan cutar za ta zama mawuyacin rashin lafiya a nan gaba.
A wani bayanin da aka ba da labarin, saboda iyakancewar jama'a da ƙwaƙwalwar da aka ƙayyade ga ƙwayar cutar Powassan, yana yiwuwa wannan kwayar cuta ba ta kasancewa a tsakanin marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da ciwon kwari. A wasu kalmomi, wasu mutanen da suka ƙare samun ciwon ƙwayar cuta ba a taɓa gano su ba tare da kamuwa da cutar Powassan.
Hanyar mafi kyau ta sarrafa kamuwa da cutar Powassan shine hana rigakafi ta farko a wuri na fari. Idan kana zaune a wuraren da ake samo cutar Powassan-musamman ma yankunan arewa maso gabas da ƙananan yankuna - amfani da masu tayar da hankula lokacin da ka fita waje da yin tikiti idan ka dawo.
Ka tuna cewa akwai wasu cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da yawa wadanda ke haifar da rashin lafiya, irin su Borrelia burgdorferi (watau cutar Lyme ), saboda haka maimaitawa da sanya takardun kaya su ne mahimmanci ga rigakafin sauran cututtuka.
Yana da muhimmanci a fahimci cewa ko da idan kaska ya kasance a jikinka don kawai dan gajeren lokacin, ta lokacin da ka lura da shi, za a iya cutar da ka da Powassan virus. Sauran cututtuka, kamar Borrelia burgdorferi , suna da tsawon lokaci na tsawon lokaci daya.
Idan kun yi zaton cewa ko ku da ƙaunatacciyar kamuwa da cutar Powassan, sai ku nemi likita. Bugu da ƙari, bari likitanka ya san dalilin da ya sa kake tsammanin kamuwa da cutar tare da wannan kwayar cutar da kuma cikakken tarihin tarihin muni. Bugu da ƙari kuma, bari mai bada sabis ya san game da ayyukanka da kuma inda ka yi tafiya-musamman yanayin da ke waje wanda aka samo magunguna na Powassan. Dole ne likitanka ya kamata a sanar dashi saboda akwai gwaji na musamman na lafiyar Powassan kuma yanayin yana sarrafawa ta hanyar cututtukan cututtuka.
> Sources:
> Bennett, N. Powassan cutar Ciwo a cikin jariri-Connecticut, 2016, MMWR. 2017; 66: 408-409.
> Doughty, CT, Yawetz, S, Lyons, J. Wadanda ke faruwa na Arbovirus Encephalitis a Arewacin Amirka: Powassan, Chikungunya, da Zika Virus. Rahoton Neurology da Neuroscience. 2017: 17, 12.
> Hermance, ME, Thangamani, Dokar S. Powassan: Dabbaccen Rashin Lafiya na Lafiya ta Jama'a a Arewacin Amirka. Cututtukan Vector-Borne da Zoonotic. Mayu 12, 2017.
> CDC. Powassan cutar. www.cdc.gov.