A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa, sai dai don jefa-ins, 'yan wasa banda goalie ba za su iya amfani da hannayen su ba. Kodayake 'yan wasan suna amfani da ƙafafunsu don motsa kwallon da ci gaba da wasa, toshe wata mahimmanci ne. Kusoshi suna ba da damar mai kunnawa ya wuce, ya bayyana ko harbi kwallon tare da kawunansu. Duk da haka, raunin kai ya zama lamari mai zafi a wasanni, mafi yawancin kwallon kafa na Amirka, kuma wannan damuwa ya yada zuwa ƙwallon ƙafa.
Binciken da aka yi a kan layi a ƙwallon ƙafa yana da iyaka da kuma haɗe, tare da wasu nazarin da ba su nuna matsala ba. Sauran nazarin, sun haɗa da wannan aikin ga rikice-rikice, da alamun da ke ciki, da kuma rashin lafiya na neurocognitive.
Tsarin bana a matakin makarantar sakandare da kuma bayansa yana iya yiwuwa. Hanya mai dacewa shine kadari ga wasanni da kuma haɓaka cikin al'ada na ƙwallon ƙafa. Duk da haka, wa anda suke shiga cikin halayen ya kamata a horar da su da kyau kuma suyi amfani da fasaha mai kyau don rage girman rauni.
Bayanan ƙwallon ƙafa
Ƙwallon ƙafa shi ne wasanni mafi shahara a duniya. A cewar Hukumar FIFA ta Duniya (FIFA), mutane miliyan 265 suna wasa da wasanni.
A {asar Amirka, an amince da} wallon} wallon} wallon} wallon} warin gwiwar sauran matasan wasanni, kuma yawancin 'yan wasan da ke wasa da wannan wasanni, sun yi ta harbi. Daga tsakanin 1969 zuwa 1970, an buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantu 2217 (49,593 maza da mata, 'yan mata 0 0).
Daga tsakanin shekarar 2013 zuwa 2014, an buga wasan ƙwallon yara maza a makarantu 11,718 ('yan wasan 417,419), kuma an buga' yan mata a makarantu 11,354 ('yan wasan 375,564).
Daga cikin 'yan wasa masu sana'a,' yan wasa a matsakaicin matsayi na wasan kwallon kafa tsakanin wasanni 6 da 12 a wasan kuma suna kunshe da akalla 2000 a cikin shekaru 20.
Daga cikin wadannan 'yan wasan, kashi 40 cikin dari na raunin da ya faru ne ya faru ne ta hanyar tuntube-kai, da kuma wayar da kai-ciki har da haɗari na asarar-asusun na 12.6 bisa dari na raunin da ya faru.
Daga cikin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa, an kiyasta cewa ana haifar da tsakanin 31 da 37 bisa dari na rikice-rikice. A matakin kwalejin, asusun da ya shafi kashi 5.8 cikin 100 na raunin da 'yan wasan kwallon kafa suka samu, da kuma kashi 8.6 cikin dari na mata masu rauni.
Binciken kan Rubutun
Kodayake ba a sani ba game da sakamakon gajeren lokaci na jigo, a cikin ƙididdigar, ɗawainiya an haɗa shi da shiryawa, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da kuma yin amfani da su. Da gaske, waɗannan canje-canje suna da mahimmanci saboda 'yan wasan suna kan gaba da ɓangaren goshin da ke kare ƙwayar da ke gaba, wadda ke da tasiri da aiki, da motsa jiki da kuma aiki.
Sakamakon binciken binciken mafi ban sha'awa game da batun shiga cikin ƙwallon ƙafa ya dogara ne akan gwaje-gwaje na 'yan wasan sana'a, waɗanda ke yin sauti da yawa a cikin wasanni da ayyuka a yayin rayuwa.
A cikin wani labarin 2017 da aka wallafa a Acta Neuropathologica , 14 'yan wasan kwallon ƙwallon ƙafa (13 masu sana'a da kuma daya mai son aikatawa) sun bi har zuwa mutuwa.
Wadannan 'yan wasan sun taka leda a tsawon shekaru 26, kuma duk wadannan' yan wasan sun kasance masu kwarewa a sashin. Kashi shida daga cikin 'yan wasan sun samu raunuka daya a yayin da suke aiki.
Duk wadannan 'yan wasan sun ci gaba da lalacewa daga baya a rayuwa. Har ila yau, goma daga cikin wadannan 'yan wasan sun haɗa kai da motsa jiki, ciki har da Parkinson , rashin rashin lafiya ko rashin lafiya tare da nakasa da yawa, da kuma dysarthria ( dysarthria yana nufin rikici magana). Bugu da ƙari, yanayin da halayen hali ya kasance na kowa a cikin waɗannan mutane.
Wadannan 'yan wasan sun fara ci gaba da rashin lafiya a cikin shekaru kimanin 64, kuma cutar ta kasance tsawon shekaru 10.
Goma sha biyu daga cikin 'yan wasan 16 sun mutu daga ciwon cutar neurodegenerative. Babu wani daga cikin 'yan wasan da aka ruwaito sun fuskanci cin zarafi, cin zarafin barasa ko tunanin zalunci.
An yi motsi a kan 'yan wasa guda shida, kuma duk sun nuna canjin cututtuka da ke nuna mahimmancin tasiri. Bugu da ƙari, huɗun sun nuna alamun bincike na kwaskwarima na cututtuka na cututtuka, ko CTE , wanda aka nuna a cikin masu wasa masu sana'a, 'yan wasan kwallon kafa,' yan wasan hockey da sauransu. (CTE shi ne samfurin ganewa da aka yi bayan autopsy.) Bugu da ƙari kuma, wasu lokuta biyu, ko da yake ba su hadu da duk ka'idodin da ake bukata ba don ganewar asali, sun nuna wasu siffofin da ke cikin CTE, irin su ciwo guda bakwai, tau pathologies, da kuma ƙaddamar da ventricle na uku.
A cikin wani labarin 2017 da aka buga a cikin Mahimmancin , an bai wa 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa 222 (79% maza) tambayoyi game da yawancin matuka da kuma tsayi da magungunan ciwon zuciya (CNS). Ga wasu sakamakon wannan binciken:
- Ga maza, yawancin adadin abubuwan da aka kai su na tsawon makonni biyu ne na 44, kuma lambar adadin ya kasance 18.
- Ga mata, adadin adadin takardu na tsawon makonni biyu yana da shekara 27, kuma lambar tazarar 9.5.
- Magunguna masu kamuwa da cutar sun samu kashi 20 bisa dari na masu amsawa.
- Akalla ɗaya ko fiye da tasirin kai ba tare da gangan ba ne aka ruwaito kashi 37 cikin 100 na maza da kashi 43 na mata.
- An danganta alamun ta CNS masu matsananciyar matsananciyar magungunan yin aiki da kuma rashin tasirin kai. Wadannan binciken sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga 'yan wasan da suka jagoranci mafi girma.
Bisa ga marubuta:
"Husawa yana hade da ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a makarantar sakandare, mai son girma, da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, mai zaman kansa daga ƙwaƙwalwa. Hakanan, tasirin da ke haifar da abubuwa masu rikice-rikicen bazai wakilci cikakken yanayin hadarin ba. "
Sakamakon ya danganta alamun CNS a cikin 'yan wasan da suka jagoranci kwallon kafa tare da masu binciken' bayanai daga binciken da suka gabata, wanda ya nuna cewa kashi 30 cikin dari na 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da suka kai fiye da sau 1000 a shekara sun kasance mafi haɗari ga matsalar kwayoyin halitta wanda ya zama daidai da wadanda traumatic kwakwalwa rauni (TBI).
A cewar CDC:
"TBI yana haifar da kararrawa, busa, ko jolt zuwa kai ko raunin kansa wanda ya rushe aikin al'ada na kwakwalwa. Ba duka busawa ko jolts zuwa kai kai tsaye a cikin TBI ba. daga 'm' (watau, canjin ɗan gajeren hali ko fahimta) zuwa 'mai tsanani' (watau tsawon lokacin rashin sani ko ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya bayan rauni). Yawancin TBI da ke faruwa a kowace shekara suna da sauƙi, wanda ake kira ƙaddara. "
Menene Game da Abubuwan Tsaro?
A cikin ƙoƙari na girman kai a kan abin tsoro, masana'antun da dama sun kirkiro ɗakunan da aka kare don kare mai kunnawa daga mummunan tasirin da ake ciki da kuma raunin da ba shi da gangan. Wadannan magunguna suna yawanci kimanin centimita guda-kumfa mai kariya, wanda ke rufe da kai kuma yana kewaye da launi, na jiki, gabanal da occipital lobes. Masu sana'a na waɗannan na'urori sunyi iƙirarin cewa sun rushe karfi da tasirin kai kuma sun rage tashe-tashen hankulan su da halayen nerocognitive. Amma shin?
Hakazalika da binciken da yayi nazarin abubuwan da suka shafi cututtuka, duk wani binciken da aka samo daga nazarin wadannan ɗayan su ma ba'a iya ganewa ba.
Alal misali, a cikin wani karamin binciken da aka wallafa a cikin mujallar Research in Sports Medicine a shekara ta 2015, mahalarta da suka saka suturar suka nuna ragewa cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya bayan biyan bukatu, kuma mahalarta wadanda ba su sa labarun sun nuna saurin saurin sauye-sauye ba. Saboda wadannan sakamakon sunyi matukar damuwa, masu bincike sun yanke shawarar cewa mai kula da ƙwallon ƙafa na tsaro ba zai iya magance matsalolin da ke tattare da su ba.
Hanyoyi masu dacewa
A cikin watan Nuwambar 2015, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Ƙasar ta Amirka (NSCAA) ta haramta shi a cikin 'yan wasan "ƙwallon ƙafa" shekaru 11 (U11), kuma ta taƙaita aikin a cikin' yan wasa na U12 da U13 . Ga 'yan wasan U14 da kuma bayan haka, dace a yadda ake amfani da ita shine mayar da hankali ga aiki da wasa.
A wani bayanin da aka ba da labarin, wasu tsoffin taurari na Ƙungiyar Mata ta Amirka, ciki har da Joy Fawcett, Brandi Chastain, da Cindy Parlow Cone, sun shiga kira don dakatar da shiga kafin a kammala makarantar sakandare. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwallon ƙafa Abby Wambach babban mai bada shawara ne don neman zaman lafiyar, kuma ta yi niyya don ba da kwakwalwa ta kwakwalwa domin binciken bincike.
Bisa ga NSCAA, maɓallin mahimmanci don hana ciwo shine wuyansa da ƙarfafawa. Matasan da ke tsakanin U11 da U14 ya kamata a koya musu su hada kawunansu, wuyansa, da wuta don hana cutar. Ga wadansu tips biyar:
- Ya kamata 'yan wasan su yi amfani da goshin goshi yayin da suke zuwa. Ya kamata su ci gaba da idanu idanunsu kuma su rufe baki.
- Yan wasan ya kamata su daidaita da makamai yayin da suke shiga.
- Yan wasan ya kamata su sanya kansu a cikin jirgin na layin jirgin yayin da kake shiga.
- Ya kamata 'yan wasa su rike kawunansu har yanzu su shiga cikin jirgin.
- Ya kamata 'yan wasan su kula da matsayi mai kyau tare da ƙafafunsu yayin da suke zuwa.
Layin Ƙasa
Bayanan da ke bincikar abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka na asali suna da mahimmanci kuma ba daidai ba ne. Duk da haka, an gudanar da bincike mai zurfi don tallafawa abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin ƙananan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka da ƙwallon ƙafa yayin da ya hana aikin a cikin 'yan shekaru 12 da 13 zuwa-a mafi-minti 30 na zuwan horo a mako kuma ba fiye da 15 zuwa 20 na BBC ba.
Gidaran tsaro da aka tsara don rage haɗari na goge da rauni marar kyau ba zai yiwu ba. Maimakon haka, 'yan wasan ya kamata su koyi da yin aiki da kyau yadda za su iya rage haɗarin kwakwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa.
> Sources:
> Comstock RD et al. Tattaunawar Shaida Ta Tabbatacce Game da Hanya Ball da Kwarewa a Ƙwallon Ƙaramar Makaranta. JAMA Pediatrics. 2015; 169 (9): 830-837.
> Elbin RJ et al. Nazari na farko na Ayyukan Neurocognitive da Ciwon Halittu Bayan Kwancen Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Kwallon Kwallon Kwallon Kwallon Kwallon Kwallon Kafa. Bincike a Sports Medicine , 23: 203-214, 2015.
> Ling H et al. Magunguna da suka hada da haɗarin cututtuka na asibiti na rashin lalatawa a cikin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na kwallon kafa (ƙwallon ƙafa). Dokar Neuropathologica . Fabrairu 15, 2017.
> NSCAA Yana Ɗaukakawa a Kariyar Tsaro. Jaridar Soccer . Satumba-Oktoba 2016.
> Stewart WF et al. Kwayoyin cututtuka daga Magana da Maimaitawa da Ƙaƙashin Kai a Ƙwararrun Ƙwallon Ƙwallon. Ma'anar ilimin halitta . 2017.