An gabatar da Roe v. Wade a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1970, a Kotun Koli na Fifth a Dallas, kafin alƙalai uku. A wannan lokacin, an tsara zubar da ciki a matakin jihar. Roe v. Wade ya yi jayayya a gaban Kotun Koli. Wannan shari'ar tarihi ta halatta mace ta da hakkin daukar zubar da ciki a ko'ina cikin Amurka. Ta yaya wannan lamarin ya kasance?
Kafin gaban Roe v. Wade
A shekarar 1969, lokacin da yake da shekaru 22, Norma McCorvey ya yi ciki. Ta dai rasa aiki, matalauci ne, kuma ba ya son ci gaba da ita. Dokar Texas ta hana zubar da ciki tare da banda don kare rayuwar mata. Norma McCorvey yayi kokarin neman likita wanda zai yarda da aikin zubar da ciki ba tare da doka ba. Kodayake ba ta samu nasarar samun likita ba, McCorvey ta sadu da Sarah Weddington da Linda Coffee - lauyoyi biyu da suka damu game da canza dokar zubar da ciki. Wadannan lauyoyi suna ƙoƙarin neman mace da ke son zubar da ciki amma ba shi da hanyar ko kudi don samun daya. Sun bukaci wani mai gabatar da kara wanda zai kasance mai ciki kuma ba zai tafiya zuwa wata ƙasa ko kasar inda zubar da ciki ya kasance doka ba. Norma McCorvey yayi daidai da lissafin, kuma nan da nan an gabatar da su zuwa McCorvey ta hanyar lauyan lauya.
Texas Zubar da ciki Laws
Texas wuce ta dokar anti-zubar da ciki a 1859.
Kamar sauran dokoki a Amurka, kawai azabtar da mutanen da suke yin ko samar da hanyoyin don zubar da ciki. Don haka, kodayake doka ba ta hukunta matar da ke ƙoƙarin rinjayar likita don yin zubar da ciki, dokokin Texas na hana zubar da ciki ta zama laifi ga kowane mutum wanda ya bayar da zubar da ciki sai dai don kare rayuwar uwar.
Har ila yau, asibitoci na iya rasa lasisi na lasisi don ba da izinin zubar da ciki ba bisa doka ba a cikin ɗakunan su. Duk da haka, ka'idojin zubar da ciki na Texas ba su da tabbas a cikin aikace-aikacen da suka dace a cikin yanayin da mata suke buƙatar abortions. Wannan ya rage likitoci da asibitoci suna bukatar yin aiki na musamman don kaucewa aikata laifuka. Ya zama kamar yadda kawai zubar da ciki ta doka shine idan ciki zai iya haifar da mutuwar mace. Saboda rashin damuwa da wannan al'amari, mafi yawan lokutta sun ba da tabbacin doka, saboda haka likitoci sun juya baya ga wadanda suka kamu da zubar da ciki don kauce wa yiwuwar karbar wata sanarwa mai tsanani (wata sanarwa ta tsawon shekaru biyar a kurkuku) da kuma takunkumi (sokewa) na lasisin likita).
Wanene Roe da Wade?
Norma McCorvey, mai gabatar da kara, ya dauki nauyin sunan "Jane Roe" don kare ainihin ainihinsa (McCorvey ya kasance ba a sani ba har sai shekarun 1980). An gabatar da wannan shari'ar a kan madadin Roe (wanda ya kasance a cikin watanni shida a lokacin), amma sai ya zama abin da ya kamata a yi domin McCorvey zai wakilta, ba kawai kanta ba, amma duk mata masu ciki.
Wanda ake tuhuma shi ne Henry B. Wade, wakilin gundumar Dallas, Texas.
Abinda ake kira a cikin Roe v Wade
Kodayake mai tuhuma yana da manyan matsaloli biyu don samun nasara:
- Wata mace mai ciki bata sami damar tsayawa kan dokar rashin doka ba saboda dokar ta shafi aikin likita (kuma ba marasa lafiya ba).
- Bisa ga tsawon lokacin da kotun ta yanke hukunci, ana iya bayyana ƙararrakin ba tare da dacewa ba a kuma jefa shi a kotu bayan da McCorvey ta haife (ko kuma a kalla ya wuce inda aka zubar da zubar da ciki).
An gabatar da shari'ar ta yadda ake zargin cewa dokar ta zubar da ciki a shekarar 1859 ta keta tsarin tsarin mulki na mata na da zubar da ciki.
Masu Shari'a
Sara Weddington da Linda Coffee su ne lauyoyin lauyan.
Lauyan lauyoyi sune John Tolle (wanda aka zaɓa don kare dokar Texas zubar da ciki) da kuma Jay Floyd (don kare dokar kanta).
The Original Roe v. Wade Case a kan May 23, 1970
An gabatar da shari'ar ne a Kotun Koli na biyar a Dallas kafin alƙalai uku. Weddington da Coffee sun bukaci kotun ta yanke shawarar ko mace mai ciki ta sami damar yanke shawarar kanta idan zubar da ciki ya zama dole. Sun gina hujjojin su game da Tsarin Tara da na sha huɗu ga Tsarin Mulki na Amurka. Kodayake mawuyacin rikicewa, Dokar na Tarayya na kare hakikanin 'yanci da aka ha] a da su, amma ba a bayyana su ba a cikin Tsarin Mulki. Shari'a na goma sha huɗu ya haramta jihohi daga ƙaryar 'yan adam rayuwa,' yanci ko dukiya ba tare da bin doka ba.
Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta rigaya ta kafa, a cikin shekarar 1965 na Griswold v. Connecticut , cewa an samu tsarin haƙƙin mallaka na tsarin sirri da kuma kare shi ta hanyar tara da na goma sha huɗu. Don haka, Weddington da Coffee sun jaddada cewa Dokar Zubar da ciki ta Texas ta hana Roe ta hakkin yin sirri - da'awar cewa Dokar Texas ba ta da ka'ida ba ne kamar yadda ta keta tsare sirrin tsare-tsare da Kotun ta rigaya ta samu a duka gyaran. Sun ƙara jayayya cewa, hakkin yin sirri ya kare hakkin mace don yanke shawarar ko ya zama uwar .
Wanda ake tuhumar ya yi jayayya da hujja akan cewa tayin yana da hakkoki na doka wanda dole ne kundin tsarin mulki ya kare shi, yana cewa, "cewa hakkin ɗan yaro ya fi abin da yake hakkin mata na sirri." Al} alai sun yanke hukunci cewa, dokar Texas ta haramta dokar da Roe ke da shi a cikin tara da na goma sha huɗu, kuma cewa wata mace tana da 'yancin dakatar da ciki. McCorvey ta kasance mai ciki lokacin da ta zama jagoran mai gabatar da karar. A watan Yunin 1970, ta haife ta kuma sanya ta yaro don tallafawa .
A shekara ta 1971, kotun Roe v Wade ta yanke hukunci a kotun, saboda haka ana gabatar da wannan shari'ar zuwa zagaye na farko na jaddada Kotun Koli na Amurka.