Tsarukan Gubar Haihuwa
An yanke hukunci akan Kotun Connecticut a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1965. An sami wannan matsala saboda Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa masu aure suna da hakkin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa . Yana da mahimmanci hanyar da aka tsara don kare sirri da 'yanci wanda ke faruwa a yau. Kafin wannan harka, ana amfani da yin amfani da haihuwa ta hanyar ƙuntatawa ko kuma ba a buga shi ba.
Bayani
A shekara ta 1960, akwai jihohi 30 da ke da dokoki (yawanci sun wuce wani lokaci a cikin ƙarshen shekarun 1800) wanda ya hana talla da sayar da ƙwayoyi.
Wasu jihohin, kamar Connecticut da Massachusetts, sun hana yin amfani da haihuwa a gaba daya.
A gaskiya, a Jihar Connecticut, ana amfani da yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa ta hanyar $ 50 lafiya da / ko har zuwa shekara guda a kurkuku. Dokar ta dakatar da amfani da "kowace miyagun ƙwayoyi, magungunan magani ko kayan aiki don manufar hana daukar ciki." Dokar ta ci gaba da cewa, "duk wanda ya taimaki, ya yi shawara, ya ba da shawara, ya sa, ya sa shi ko ya umarci wani ya aikata wani laifi, za a iya gurfanar da shi kuma a hukunta shi kamar yadda shi ne babban mai laifi." Ko da yake an kafa wannan doka a 1879, ba a taɓa yin amfani da shi ba.
A 1961, Estelle Griswold (Daraktan Daraktan Cibiyar Ma'aikata na Connecticut) da Dokta C. Lee Buxton (Shugaban Sashen Harkokin Obstetric a Yale University of Medicine) ya yanke shawarar buɗe asibitin haihuwa a New Haven, Connecticut tare da Babban manufar kalubalantar tsarin dokokin Connecticut.
Asibinsu sun ba da bayani, koyarwa, da kuma shawara na likita ga mazajen aure game da hanyoyi don hana hanawa. A asibitin, za su kuma bincika mata (mata) kuma su rubuta kayan aiki mafi kyau ko kayan da kowannensu zai yi amfani da ita.
Gwamnatin Connecticut ta gurgunta Griswold tun lokacin da ta mayar da matan da suka bukaci kula da haihuwa da likitocin su zuwa masu laifi.
Ginin asibitin ne kawai aka gudanar daga ranar 1 ga Nuwamba zuwa Nuwamba 10, 1961. Bayan an bude kwanaki 10 kawai, an kama Griswold da Buxton. An kuma gurfanar da su, sun sami laifi, kuma kowanne ya biya $ 100. Ƙungiyar Filayen Kotun Kotu da Kotun Koli na Connecticut ta amince da su. Griswold ya yi ta gayyatar da ita ga Kotun Koli na Amirka a 1965.
Abinda mai kira ya yi
A Griswold v. Connecticut , Estelle Griswold da Dokta C. Lee Buxton sun yi jayayya cewa dokar Connecticut game da yin amfani da haihuwa ya saba wa 14th Amendment, wanda ya ce,
"Babu wata hukuma da za ta yi ko kuma ta tilasta wa wani doka da za ta rage wa'adin ko 'yan kasa na Amurka, kuma babu wata ƙasa da za ta hana kowa rai,' yanci, ko dukiya, ba tare da bin doka ba ... kuma ba musun kowa ba daidaitattun kariya ga dokokin "(Tsarin Mulki 14, Sashe na 1).
Kotun Koli Na sauraro
Ranar 29 ga watan Maris, 1965, Estelle Griswold da Dokta Buxton sun bayar da martani ga Kotun Koli. Hukumomi bakwai sun jagoranci saurarar - Babban Shari'ar: Earl Warren; da kuma Kotun Shari'a: Hugo Black, William J. Brennan Jr., Tom C. Clark, William O. Douglas, Arthur Goldberg, John M. Harlan II, Potter Stewart da Byron White.
Kotun Koli na Kotu
An yanke hukuncin ne ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1965. A cikin yanke shawara na 7-2, kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa dokar Connecticut ba ta da ka'ida ba saboda ta keta Dokar Tsarin Dokar. Kotun ta kara da cewa kundin tsarin mulkin mallaka ya ba da tabbacin ma'auratan da dama su yanke shawara game da maganin hana haihuwa. Adalci William O. Douglas ya rubuta yawancin ra'ayi.
Wanda aka ƙaddara don ya hana Griswold c. Hukumomin Connecticut
- Yawancin: William O. Douglas ya rubuta cewa, hakkin yin auren ya kasance a cikin "penumbra" na Bill of Rights. A cikin wata yarjejeniya tare, Dokta Goldberg ya rubuta cewa hakkin 'yancin sirri a cikin ƙungiyar aure shine' 'yancin mutum' wanda 'yanci' ya kasance 'a cikin ma'anar na tara gyara'. '' 'Shari'a Harlan II da Shari'a White sun yarda ta hanyar rike wannan sirri ne an kiyaye shi ta hanyar tsari na goma sha huɗu.
- Fuskantar: Hugo Black da Potter Stewart sun rubuta takardun ra'ayoyin da suka nuna cewa gwamnati tana da damar yaƙin sirrin dan mutum sai dai idan akwai wani tsari na kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya hana wannan hari. Mai shari'a Black ya yi iƙirarin cewa, ba a samo haƙƙoƙin sirri ba a ko'ina cikin Tsarin Mulki. Adalci Stewart ya ha] a kan dokar Connecticut a matsayin "doka marar kyau" duk da haka ya yi ikirarin cewa har yanzu tsarin mulki ne.
Bayanin bayan Bayanin Griswold c. Yankin Connecticut
Wannan Kotun Koli ta kaddamar da dokar Connecticut wadda ta haramta izinin maganin rigakafi da kuma yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa. Dokar ta fahimci cewa Tsarin Mulki ba ya kare kare hakkin dan adam na sirri a fili; Duk da haka, Dokar 'Yancinta ta haifar da penumbras, ko yankunan sirri, wanda gwamnati ba ta iya tsoma baki ba.
Kotun ta ci gaba da cewa 'yancin yin jima'i a cikin matakan farko, na uku, na hudu, na biyar, da na tara gyarawa. Shari'ar ta ƙara tabbatar da haƙƙin sirrin sirri a cikin auren auren ɗan adam (abin da aka nuna daga harshen, tarihin, da tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Mulki ba tare da an ambata ba a cikin rubutu) a cikin ma'anar ta tara gyara. Da zarar sunyi wannan hanya, wannan hakkin ya zama dancin auren yana dauke da ɗaya daga cikin hakkoki na asali waɗanda Tsarin Mulki na Goma ke karewa daga tsangwama daga jihohi. Ta haka ne, dokar Connecticut ta keta hakki ta sirri a cikin aure kuma an gano shi marar saɓo ne.
Griswold v. Connecticut mai mulki yana ƙaddara cewa tsare sirri a cikin aure wani yanki ne wanda ke iyakance ga gwamnati. Kamar yadda Shari'a Douglas ta yi game da kotun,
"Yanzu halin yanzu, yana damuwa da dangantaka da ke cikin ɓangaren tsare sirri da wasu mahimmancin kundin tsarin mulki suka tabbatar. Kuma yana shafi dokar da, da hana hana yin amfani da maganin rigakafi maimakon yin gyaran samfur ko sayarwa, yana neman cimma burin ta ta hanyar samun matsanancin tasiri akan wannan dangantaka. ...
Shin za mu bari 'yan sanda su bincika wuraren tsabta na ɗakuna na aure don nuna alamar yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa? Wannan ra'ayi ne mai ban mamaki ga ra'ayoyin sirri game da dangantakar aure.
Mu yi hulɗa da haƙƙin haƙƙin sirri fiye da Dokar 'Yanci ... Aure yana zuwa tare don mafi kyau ko mafi muni, da bege na jimre, da kuma kusanci da matsakaicin tsarki. ... Duk da haka dai wata ƙungiya ce ta matsayin kyakkyawan manufa kamar yadda kowane ya shafi yanke shawara na baya. "
Abin da Griswold v. Connecticut bai yarda ba
Kodayake Griswold v. Connecticut mulki ya halatta yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa, wannan 'yanci ne kawai ya shafi ma'aurata. Saboda haka, ana amfani da yin amfani da haihuwa a kan wadanda ba su yi aure ba. Hakkin yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa ba a BABI ba a ba da aure ga wadanda ba su da auren UNIDIL da Eisenstadt v. Baird Kotun Koli a cikin 1972!
Griswold v. Connecticut ya kafa 'yancin yin sirri kawai ga ma'aurata. A cikin Eisenstadt v. Baird case, mai gabatar da kara ya yi iƙirarin cewa musun ma'aurata ba su da ikon yin amfani da kulawar haihuwa lokacin da aka yarda da auren mutane su yi amfani da maganin hana haihuwa shi ne cin zarafi game da Maganar Kariya ta Kwaskwarima. Kotun Koli ta soke dokar Massachusetts da ta haramta yin amfani da maganin hana daukar ciki daga ma'aurata marasa aure. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Massachusetts ba za su iya aiwatar da wannan doka ba game da ma'aurata (saboda Griswold v. Connecticut ), saboda haka doka ta kasance "nuna bambanci" ta hanyar ƙaryar ma'aurata ba dama don samun hanta. Ta haka ne, Eisenstadt v. Baird yanke shawara ya kafa 'yancin marasa aure don yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa a kan wannan mahimmanci kamar ma'auratan aure.
Alamar Griswold v. Connecticut
Griswold v. Yankin Connecticut ya taimaka wajen kafa harsashi ga yawancin 'yancin haihuwa a halin yanzu an yarda a karkashin doka. Tun da wannan hukuncin, Kotun Koli ta ba da izini game da tsare sirri a yawancin Kotun Kotun. Cibiyar Griswold v. Connecticut ta kafa ka'idoji don cikakkiyar halattaccen iko na haihuwa, kamar yadda aka ƙaddara a cikin Eisenstadt v. Baird case.
Bugu da ƙari, hakki na sirri yayi aiki a matsayin babban dutse a filin Roe v. Wade Kotun Koli. A Roe v. Wade , Kotun ta yanke shawarar cewa an ba da hakkin mata su zaɓi zubar da ciki a matsayin yanke shawara tsakanin mutum da likitanta . Kotun ta ci gaba da yin hukunci cewa hana zubar da ciki zai karya ka'idar Tsarin Mulki na Kwaskwarima na sha huɗu, wadda ke karewa daga ayyukan gwamnati wanda ya saba wa 'yancin yin sirri (ciki har da haƙƙin mace na dakatar da ciki).