Dangane da tushen, a 1928 ko 1929, Sir Alexander Fleming ya gano cewa "ruwan 'ya'yan itace" zai iya kashe kwayoyin cutar a Petri. Fleming da sauransu a Jami'ar Oxford sun janye penicillin daga wannan ruwan 'ya'yan itace. Duk da haka, saboda yakin duniya na biyu, Biritaniya ba zai iya samar da penicillin a isasshen yawa ba, don haka Amurka ta ɗauki kayan aiki kuma ta samar da furotin din.
Kafin gabatarwar maganin rigakafi a cikin karni na 1940, mutane za su mutu da ciwon huhu, magungunan jini (cututtuka na jini), gonorrhea da sauransu. Gabatarwa na penicillin ya sanar da shekarun kwayoyin.
Menene Penicillin?
Penicillins ne ko dai na halitta ne ko santynthetic fili da aka hada da β-lactam (beta-lactam) zobe da aka haɗa zuwa zoben thiazolidine. Penicillin kuma suna da sarƙoƙi na gefe na m. Wadannan sokin sassan suna ƙayyade kayan aikin antibacterial na kowannen penicillin.
Akwai nau'i biyar na penicillins:
- Natural penicillins (Penicillin G)
- Aminopenicillins (ampicillin)
- Penicillinase-resistant penicillins (tunani cloxacillin da nafcillin)
- Antipseudomonal penicillin (tunanin ticarcillin)
- Extended-bakan penicillins (tunanin piperacillin)
Kayan aikin
A mafi yawancin, penicillin ne kwayoyinidal (kamar yadda ya saba da bacteriostatic ) da kuma kashe kwayoyin kai tsaye ba tare da tsangwama tare da haifuwa ba.
Saboda haka, penicillins zai iya kashe kwayoyin cutar mai saukin kai.
Musamman ma, penicillins sun danganta ga sunadarin sunadaran penicillin (PBPs) wanda su ne peptidases (enzymes) a cikin ganuwar kwayoyin cuta. Lokacin da penicillin yana da babban dangantaka da kwayoyin kwayoyin cutar PBP, yana aiki mafi kyau.
Ta hanyar jingina ga PBPs, penicillin yana hana taro peptidoglycan da haɗin giciye kuma ta haka ne ya rushe tsarin ganuwar ganuwar jiki.
Wadannan kinks a cikin kwayar kwayar cutar kwayar cutar da ke haifar da kwayoyin cutar don halakarwa (autolysis).
Yawancin kwayoyin cutar da ke faruwa a lokacin yaduwar kwayar cutar kwayoyin halitta.
A mafi yawancin, penicillin suna aiki ne kawai a kan kwayoyin cututtuka. Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta suna da launi na lipopolysaccharide ko tsoffin membrane wanda ya sa ya fi wuya ga penicillin don karya gawar tantanin halitta da kuma samun damar PBPs.
Don yin aiki a kullun, zauren penisillin beta-lactam dole ne ya kasance a gaba. A matsayin tushen mahimmancin juriya, kwayoyin da yawa sun samo asali don samar da beta-lactamases, wani enzyme wanda yayi siginar penisillin beta-lactam kuma ya sanya shi mara amfani.
Jiyya
Penicillin suna samuwa a matsayin Allunan, capsules, da kuma maganin allura. Penicillins suna da hankali sosai daga sashin gastrointestinal kuma an rarraba a ko'ina cikin jiki. A mafi yawancin, penicillin suna janye cikin fitsari.
Kodayake siffofin jigilar kwayoyin cuta suna hana inganci na penicillin, a lokuta da dama, ana iya amfani da penicillin don magance cututtuka iri iri ciki har da:
- Ƙananan cututtuka na sama kamar ciwon huhu
- Hanyoyin da ke cikin mahaifa
- Septicemia
- Kashi da haɗin gwiwa
- Meningitis
- Abun ciki mai ciki
- Hanyoyin cututtuka irin su gonorrhea da syphilis sun kamu da jima'i
Daga bayanin kula, an yi amfani da penicillin-lakabin don magance cutar zazzabin typhoid da cutar Lyme.
Hanyoyin Kyau
Abubuwa masu lalacewa na kwayar cutar penicillin sun hada da zazzafan zazzaɓi, tashin zuciya, zubar da ciwon kai, ciwon kai da yisti mai yatsa. Lokaci-lokaci, penicillin zai iya haifar da mummunan raguwa, amya, da kuma rashin karfin hali mai tsanani ko rashin lafiyan halayen kamar anaphylaxis da magungunan interstitial m.
Mafi magani ga rashin lafiyar penicillin shine kauce wa penicillin. Idan kayi tasiri daga illa mai amfani da penicillin, don Allah gaya wa likitanku kafin ta rubuta irin wannan magungunan.
Kodayake ainihin rashin lafiyar penicillin da ke haifar da anaphylaxis abu ne mai wuya wanda ya faru a 1 zuwa 5 halaye na kamu 10,000 na farji na penicillin - domin cifloslos sun raba tsarin sunadarai irin su penicillin, mutanen da basu ji dadi ga penicillin basu saba wa cakosporins ba kuma vice versa.
A shekara ta 1940-kadan fiye da shekaru 10 bayan bincikensa-tawagar penicillin wanda ya taimaka wajen gano magungunan ya lura cewa kwayoyin cutar a cikin labarinsu sunyi amfani da kwayar cutar don su zama masu maganin penicillin kuma sun riga sun samar da penicillinase (beta-lactamase). Ka tuna cewa kwayar cutar juriya ne d ¯ a da tsawo tsinkaya gano na maganin rigakafi.
Yau, juriya na kwayar cutar shine babban mahimmancin kula da lafiyar jama'a kuma yana da wani abu da zamu iya taimakawa wajen hana. Alal misali, yana da mahimmanci ga dukanmu mu gane cewa maganin rigakafi masu kyau ne, amma ba su magance dukan cututtuka-musamman cututtukan cututtuka. Bugu da ƙari, idan likitanka ya tsara kwayoyin cutar, don Allah cika dukkan hanyar kulawa.
Sources:
Aoki FY. Babi na 45. Ka'idojin Antimicrobial Far da Clinical Pharmacology na Antimicrobial Drugs. A cikin: Hall JB, Schmidt GA, Wood LH. eds. Ka'idoji na Kwarewa, 3e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005.
Maganin Abincin Mikiya na Mosby ga Ma'aikatan Lafiya, Turanci na Biyu da Elsevier ya wallafa a shekarar 2010.