A retrovirus wata kwayar cutar ce wadda aka tsara ta a cikin RNA maimakon DNA. Kamar sauran ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, masu buƙatar ƙwayoyi suna buƙatar amfani da kayan aikin salula na kwayoyin da suka haɗu don yin takardun kansu. Duk da haka, kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar retrovirus na buƙatar ƙarin mataki. Tsarin retrovirus ya kamata ya zama baya-an rubuta shi cikin DNA kafin a iya kofe shi a hanyar da aka saba.
Harshen enzyme wanda yake yin wannan sakonnin baya shine an san shi azaman baya transcriptase.
Ma'aikata na amfani da bayanan fassara don canza fasalin RNA guda ɗaya zuwa DNA guda biyu. Yana da DNA wanda ke adana kwayar halitta da kwayoyin halitta daga wasu siffofin da suka fi girma. Da zarar sun canza daga RNA zuwa DNA, za a iya jigilar DNA ta kwayar halitta a cikin kwayar halittar kwayoyin cutar. Lokacin da aka sanya jigidar halittar DNA na kwayoyin retroviral a cikin kwayar halitta, to lallai kwayar halitta ta yaudari cikin kwashe waɗannan kwayoyin a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari na sabuntawa na al'ada. A takaice dai, tantanin halitta yana aiki da cutar don ita.
Masu jan fitarwa suna "sake" saboda sun juya shugabanci na tsari na kwafi na al'ada. Yawancin lokaci, kwayoyin juya DNA cikin RNA don haka za'a iya sanya su cikin sunadaran. Amma tare da retroviruses, wannan tsari ya fara ne ta hanyar komawa baya. Da farko, RNA mai bidiyo ya canza zuwa DNA.
Sannan tantanin halitta zai iya kwafin DNA. Tantanin halitta na iya ƙididdige DNA a cikin RNA a matsayin mataki na farko na yin maganin gina jiki.
Misalai
Mafi sanannun retrovirus da ke cutar da mutane shine kwayar cutar HIV . Duk da haka, akwai mutane da yawa da yawa da suka sake dawowa. Wadannan sun hada da kwayar T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1).
HTLV-1 tana hade da wasu ilimin T-cell leukemias da lymphomas. Akwai wasu karin kayan maido da baya wanda aka gano kamar yadda ake amfani da wasu nau'in.
Magungunan cutar HIV shine daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa mutane sun fi masani da batun retroviruses. Rashin maganin masu kwantar da hanzari na ɓangaren sune wasu daga cikin sanannun ilimin kwayoyin cutar HIV . Rashin masu hana kwakwalwa na ƙetare ya hana HIV daga zama mai haɗuwa a jikin kwayar halitta. Wannan, bi da bi, ya hana tantanin halitta daga yin takardun cutar kuma ya rage jinkirin kamuwa da cuta. Duk da haka, akwai matsaloli masu yawa da juriya da kwayoyi masu yawa a cikin waɗannan ɗalibai.
Ana amfani dasu a wasu lokutan a matsayin hanyoyin samar da bayarwa a lokacin farfadowa. Wannan shi ne saboda waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna da sauƙi don sauyawa da sauƙi a cikin mahaɗin karfin. Wannan yana nufin cewa, a ka'idar, za a iya amfani dashi don sa na'urorin salula su samar da sunadarai a hanya mai gudana. Alal misali, masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da masu amfani da sutura don taimakawa hanzarin cututtukan cututtuka na yin insulin.
> Sources:
> Clevenbergh P, Cua E, Dam E, Durant J, Schmit JC, Boulme R, Cottalorda J, Beyou A, Schapiro JM, Clavel F, Dellamonica P. Tsarraƙai na maye gurbin jigilar juyin halitta (NNRTI) da maye gurbin su da polymorphisms NNRTI-marasa lafiya marasa lafiya HIV. Ciwon gwaji na kwayar cutar HIV. 2002 Janairu, 3 (1): 36-44
> Elsner M, Tashin T, Jörns A, Naujok O, Wedekind D, Hedrich HJ, Lenzen S. Sauyawa na ciwon sukari ta hanyar jigilar cututtuka na ciwon sukari ta hanyar maganin insulin ta hanyar amfani da kwayar cutar lentivira. Mol Ther. 2012 May, 20 (5): 918-26. Doi: 10.1038 / mt.2012.8.
> Goldsmith CS. Kwayar cutar Morphologic bambancin ƙwayoyin cuta fiye da matakin iyali. Kwayoyin cuta. 2014 Dec 9; 6 (12): 4902-13. Doi: 10.3390 / v6124902.
> Peeters M, D'Arc M, Delaporte E. Maɗaukaki da kuma bambancin 'yan adam na retroviruses. AIDS Rev 2014 Janairu, 16 (1): 23-34.
> Sluis-Cremer N. Maganin da ke cikin rikice-rikice a cikin wadanda basu yarda da cutar HIV-1 ba. Kwayoyin cuta. 2014 Jul 31; 6 (8): 2960-73. Doi: 10.3390 / v6082960.
> Suerth JD, Labenski V, Schambach A. Magungunan Alpharetroviral: daga likitan da ke haifar da ciwon daji zuwa kayan aiki masu amfani don farfadowa na mutum. Kwayoyin cuta. 2014 Dec 5; 6 (12): 4811-38. Doi: 10.3390 / v6124811.