A {asar Amirka,} ungiyar lalata da elk harbor na ciwo da cutar
A farkon 2018, damuwa game da "zombie deer" yaduwar rashin lafiya ga mutane ya damu da jama'a. Ko da yake zai yiwu, yiwuwar samun kamuwa da cututtuka na cuta (CWD) - wanda yake kama da cutar maras lafiya - bayan cin nama ba shi da ƙasa. Ya zuwa yanzu, yawancin ƙananan ƙuda suna da ƙananan ƙwayar CWD. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ba a taɓa tabbatar da gaskiyar cutar da ke ciwo da cutar ba daga mawuyacin hali ko ɗan adam.
A cikin yatsa da ƙwallon ƙafa, CWD yana haifar da jinkiri, mummunar mutuwar da ta ƙare dabba na iya cin abinci da sha. A cikin mutane, CWD tana lalata kwakwalwa. Wannan cutar ne da ke yadawa ta hanyar reindeer, elk, deer, da moose. Bugu da ƙari, CWD za a iya classified shi azaman cutar "jinkirin". Kwayoyin cututtuka masu sauƙi ne saboda ƙwayoyin cuta da prolis; CWD yana haifar da prolis.
Kwace cuta ta yau da kullum shine mafi kyau fahimta a cikin mahallin cuta na prion. Bari mu fara ne ta hanyar daukar wani ra'ayi na gaba akan cutar prion.
Mene Ne Cutar Ciki?
Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan sun haskaka maki hudu game da prisons.
Na farko, prisons ne kadai sanuwan da aka sani da suna da rashin kwayoyin nucleic acid. Wasu magunguna masu kamuwa da cutar kamar kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta sun ƙunshi DNA da RNA wanda ke jagorantar haifuwa. Bambanci daban-daban na prions haifar da nau'o'in cutar.
Na biyu, prisons yakan haifar da cututtukan cututtuka, kwayoyin halitta, da cututtuka.
Babu sauran cututtuka saboda wata hanyar da take bayyana a cikin wannan jigon gwaji.
Na uku, prisons suna ba da labaran sunadaran da suke yadawa cikin kwakwalwa. Yawancin lokaci, ana tunanin tsinkayen furotin ne don taka rawar gani. Wannan furotin na al'ada wanda ake kira PrP C (cellular proteine na prion) yana da samfurin haruffa.
A cikin cututtuka na prion, wannan samfurin alpha-hélicodin ya canza zuwa takardun beta wanda ake kira PP SC (prion protein scrapie). Wadannan PrP SC sun haɗu zuwa filaments wanda ke rushe ma'aikatan kwayar cutar da ke haifar da mutuwar cell.
Gabatarwa suna fadada lokacin da beta-rubutun shafuka (PrP SC ) tattara hotunan alpha-helicopter (PrP C ) don zama rubutun beta. Wani RNA mai tantanin halitta yana daidaita wannan canji. Bayanan kula, PrP SC da PrP C suna da nau'in amino acid ne kawai amma daban-daban siffofi ko siffofi. Kamar yadda ya kamata, bambanci a cikin wadannan ka'idoji guda biyu ana iya ɗaukar su kamar yadda suke da yawa ko kuma raguwa a cikin masana'anta.
Cututtukan da ake yiwa Prion-Mediated a cikin 'yan Adam
A cikin mutane, prisons na haifar da cutar "jinkirin". Wadannan cututtuka suna da tsawon lokaci da yawa kuma sun dauki lokaci mai tsawo don bayyanawa. Sakamakon su na gaba ne, kuma hanyarsu ta ci gaba. Abin takaici, mutuwa ba zai yiwu ba.
Magunguna masu tallafawa a cikin jini a cikin mutane ana kiranta ƙananan kwakwalwa na spongiform (TSE). Wadannan cututtuka sune "spongiform" saboda suna sa kwakwalwa ta ɗauki kyamarar kyamara, wanda aka sanya tare da ramuka a jikin kwakwalwa.
Nau'i biyar na TSE yana faruwa a cikin mutane ciki har da waɗannan masu zuwa:
- Kuru
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob cuta (CJD)
- Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob cuta (vCJD)
- Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) ciwo
- Iyalan iyalin rashin barci
Hanya ta CJD ta ƙwayar cuta tana dauke da lalacewa, asarar motsi jiki, jerking, asarar gani, da kuma ɓarna da ke shafi wani gefen jiki. Kodayake irin wannan kuru, wanda ke shafar kabilu na Fore Foreword a New Guinea bayan da ya magance jinin mutum, kuru baya haifar da lalata. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun CJD a dukan duniya kuma ba da dangantaka da halaye masu cin abinci, sana'a, ko dabba ba. A gaskiya, masu cin ganyayyaki zasu iya ci gaba da CJD. A takaice dai, CJD yana shafar mutum guda a cikin miliyoyin kuma yana faruwa a kasashe inda dabbobi ke da cutar prion da kuma a ƙasashe inda dabbobi ba su kula da cutar prion ba.
Kwace cuta ta yau da kullum shine irin vCJD. Wani nau'in vCJD mafi yawan al'ada shi ne cututtuka na spongiform da ƙwayar cuta. Dalilin da yasa cutar CWD da ƙwayar cuta ta kira "bambancin" CJD shi ne cewa cutar tana faruwa a marasa lafiya wadanda suka fi girma fiye da wadanda suka saba da CJD. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wasu binciken nazarin ilmin lissafi da na asibiti da suka bambanta a vCJD.
A shekara ta 1996, cutar tabarbare ta shiga cikin kullun bayan da aka gano raunuka a Birtaniya. Mutanen da suka kamu da rashin lafiya sun iya cin naman alade da gauraye da sutura. Bugu da ƙari, kawai mutane da wasu irin sunadarai prion-prion homozygous don methionine-raya rashin lafiya. A bayyane yake, sunadarai sunadarai homozygous ga methionine sun fi sauƙi a rataye a cikin takardar shaidar beta (PrP SC ).
Lafiya na shan wahala
Har zuwa yau, babu wata sanarwa da aka sani game da watsawa CWD ga mutane. Duk da haka, akwai wasu hujjoji game da hakan. A shekara ta 2002, an gano cutar cututtukan ne a cikin mutane uku da suka ci nama a cikin shekarun 1990. Daya daga cikin wadannan mutane an tabbatar da cewa suna da CJD. (Ka tuna cewa CJD "jinkirin" kuma yana da lokaci don bayyana.)
Bisa ga CDC, tun watan Janairun 2018, an bayar da rahoton CWD a cikin kujeru 22 da kuma larduna biyu na Kanada. A Amurka, an gano CWD a tsakiyar Midwest, kudu maso yammaci, da kuma wasu sassa na Gabas Coast. Haka kuma yana yiwuwa CWD ba a cikin yankunan Amurka ba cewa tsarin rashin kulawa da ƙwarewa. Ko da yake mafi yawancin sun samo asali a Amurka da Kanada, an gano CWD a Norway da Koriya ta Kudu.
Abin sha'awa shine, an gano CWD a cikin ƙuƙumma a cikin shekarun 1960. Ya zuwa 1981, an gano shi a cikin daji. Kodayake yawancin CWD a cikin ƙwayar daji na daji suna da yawa, a wasu yawancin jama'a, yawancin cutar zai iya wuce kashi 10, tare da kimanin kashi 25 cikin 100 na kamuwa da cutar da aka ruwaito a cikin wallafe-wallafe. Bayan bayanin kula, a cikin garuruwan ƙauyuka, yawancin CWD na iya zama mafi girma. Musamman, kusan kashi 80 cikin dari na doki a cikin garken doki guda ɗaya na CWD.
Nazarin dabba yana nuna cewa za'a iya daukar CWD ga wadanda ba na mutum ba, irin su birai, wadanda ke cin nama maras nama da ke kwakwalwa ko kwakwalwa.
A deer da elk, zai iya daukar har zuwa shekara kafin bayyanar cututtuka na CJD bayyana. Wadannan bayyanar cututtuka sun hada da asarar hasara, rashin ƙyama, da kuma tuntuɓe. Babu magani ko maganin alurar CWD. Bugu da ƙari, wasu dabbobi za su iya mutuwa daga CWD ba tare da tasowa ba.
A shekarar 1997, WHO ta bada shawarar cewa dukkanin ma'aikatan da ke haifar da cututtuka na furo-ciki har da yarinya tare da CWD - za a kiyaye su daga cikin abincin abinci don tsoro na watsa.
Rigakafin
Idan CWD za a yada wa mutane, hanyar da ta fi dacewa don hana wannan watsa shine ta cin nama ko nama. Ayyukan cin nama shine yalwace a Amurka. A cikin 2006-2007 binciken da CDC ke gudanarwa, kashi 20 cikin 100 na masu sauraro sun ce sun fara neman yarinya ko yarinya, kuma kashi biyu cikin uku na bayar da rahoton cin nama ko nama.
Tare da yin amfani da deer da kullu da yawa kuma babu shaidar shaida ta watsa duk da haka an rubuta, ba zai yiwu ba cewa yawancin masu cin nama da kudan zuma za su daina amfani da su. Saboda haka, an ba da shawarar cewa magoya bayansa su dauki kariya a yayin farauta.
Wasu hukumomi na namun daji na jihar suna lura da yawancin CWD a yawancin daji na doki da kyan zuma ta yin amfani da gwaje-gwaje. Yana da muhimmanci a duba tare da shafukan yanar gizo da kuma jami'an kula da namun daji don jagoranci da kauce wa farautar yawan mutanen da aka gano CWD.
Abu mai mahimmanci, ba duk jihohin kula da CWD ba a cikin daji da doki. Bugu da ƙari, gwajin gwaji ga CWD ba dole ba ne ya nuna cewa ɗan mutum ko ƙuƙwalwa ba shi da lafiya. Duk da haka, damar da doki ko ƙuƙwalwa tare da gwajin gwaji ba ya kai CWD ba.
Ga wasu shawarwari ga mafarauci game da CWD:
- Kada ka rike, harba ko ci dirar ko yatsan da suke kallon rashin lafiya ko suna aiki a hanyoyi masu ban mamaki
- Ka guje wa kashe-kashe
- Duk da yake filin-gyare da doki, sa laxin ko safofin sulba, rage girman kula da kwakwalwa ko sauran kwayoyin, kuma kada ku yi amfani da kayan gida ko kayan abinci
- Ka yi la'akari da ciwon yarinya ko ƙuƙwalwa da ka shirya a ci gwadawa don CWD
- Idan kana cike da wasanni a kasuwanci, ka tambayi namanka da za a shirya daban daga sauran doki da alƙali
- Kada ku ci doki ko kullun cewa gwaje-gwaje na tabbatacce ga CWD
- Bincika tare da jami'an kula da namun daji na jihar su koyi ko gwajin gwagwarmaya ko doki don CWD yana bada shawarar ko ake bukata
Dangane da cinikin kasuwanci da kyan zuma, ma'aikatar Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Noma da Kwayoyin Kula da Lafiya ta Amurka ta yi amfani da shirin tabbatar da takardun shaida na CWD na kasa. Wannan shirin yana da son rai, kuma masu kula da garken suna yarda su bi da shanunsu don gwadawa. Ba duk masu sayar da shaguna ba su shiga cikin shirin. Wataƙila mai kyau kyakkyawar ra'ayin kawai kawai cinye nama ko kyan zuma daga masu sayar da kayayyaki da suka shiga shirin.
Girgizarci a Wasu Yanayin Nau'in
A cikin shekara ta 2014, Kuznetsova da abokan aiki sun gano cewa wasu nau'o'in ƙasa a kudu maso gabashin Alberta da kudancin Saskatchewan (sassan Kanada) na iya daukar nauyin kotu da ke kula da CWD.
A cewar masu bincike:
Gaba ɗaya, ƙasa mai arzikin yumɓu na iya ɗaukar jaka avidly kuma haɓaka haɗarsu ta kamuwa da tsabtaccen yumbu mai yalwa montmorillonite. Ƙayyadaddun kayan jiki na wurare ma sun bambanta kuma basu da kyau, duk da haka zasu iya tasiri da hulɗar prion-ƙasa. Wasu muhimman abubuwan da suka ba da gudummawar sun haɗa da pH, abun da ke cikin ƙasa da bayani da adadin ƙarfe (karfe oxides) .... Ƙananan kasa a cikin yankin CWD-endemic na Alberta da Saskatchewan sune Chernozems, suna cikin kashi 60 cikin 100 na yawan yanki; sun kasance daidai da nau'i, ƙirar yumɓu da ƙwayoyin ƙasa da kwayoyin halitta, kuma ana iya bayyana su kamar yumɓu mai launi, montmorillonite (smectite) kasa da 6-10% carbon carbon.
Dabbobi suna ci ƙasa don saduwa da bukatun su na ma'adinai. Wannan ƙasa an sake komawa cikin ƙasa a cikin nau'i na nesa ko carcasses. Saboda haka, ana iya yin prion a cikin ƙasa. Ya bayyana cewa prions sun haɗa da kyau a laka.
Kalma Daga
Har zuwa yau, ba a tabbatar da watsa kwaskwarima na cutar da bala'i daga mawuyacin hali ko ƙuƙumi ga mutane; Duk da haka, masana suna damuwa game da hadarin. Kwace cuta na zamani yana kama da cutar maras lafiya, wadda aka rubuta don yadawa daga shanu zuwa ga mutane.
A lokacin cin cin nama ko nama, yana da kyau a dauki wasu kariya kuma bincika jagorancin jami'an kula da namun daji. Tare da wasa na daji, kada ku ci nama daga doki ko kyan zuma wanda ya bayyana rashin lafiya. Bugu da ƙari, yana da kyakkyawan ra'ayin da za a yi macijin daji ko kyan zuma da aka gwada don CWD.
Lokacin sayen siyar kasuwanci ko kullun nama, tabbatar da cewa wannan naman yana ƙulla kamar zama ba tare da CWD ba.
> Sources:
> Cututtukan da ke fama da cutar. CDC.
> Kuɗi A et al. Matsayi mai kyau na amfanin gona a cikin yaduwar CWD a yammacin Kanada. Prion. 2014; 8 (1): 92-9.
> Saba SB, Miller BL. Prion Cututtuka. A: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Ka'idodin Magunguna na Harrison, 19th New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014.
> Sannu Cutar & Shirya. A cikin: Levinson W. eds. Review of Medical Biology and Immunology, 14th New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.