Harkokin Ilimin Harkokin Jima'i da Ilimin Abstinence-Only Education
Lokacin da yazo da ilimin jima'i, akwai hanyoyi biyu:
Harkokin Ilimin Jima'i
Duk da yake waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna inganta haɓaka , sun haɗa da koyarwa da kuma koyarwa game da hanyoyin da ake hana hanta . Wadannan shirye-shiryen na iya gano abubuwan da ke tattare da jima'i da ma'anar jima'i, da yin aiki daga maƙasudin cewa matasa da yawa zasu zama masu jima'i, kuma sun hada da tattaunawa game da hana haihuwa, amfani da robaron roba , zubar da ciki , cututtuka da jima'i, da HIV.
Abstinence-Only Education
Wadannan shirye-shiryen na inganta haɓaka jima'i kuma ba su san cewa yawancin matasa za su shiga cikin jima'i ba. Ko da yake sun haɗa da tattaunawa game da halin kirki , dabi'u, halayyar halayyar mutum, kuma, wani lokacin, "yadda za a ce ba" basira, ba su koyar game da hana haihuwa ko amfani da roba ba, kuma basu hada da tattaunawa game da zubar da ciki, kuma yawanci gabatar da batutuwa na STDs da HIV kawai a matsayin dalilan da yasa matasa zasu kasance abstinent.
Tarayyar Tarayya don Ilimin Jima'i:
Dokar Tarayya ba ta bukatar ilimin jima'i a makarantu. Duk da haka, a cikin shekaru, Majalisa ta kirkira shirye-shiryen uku (duk waɗannan abubuwa ne kawai) wanda ke samar da kudade na tarayya don ilimin jima'i:
- Dokar Rayuwar Iyali ta Yara (AFLA)
- Abubuwan da aka kiyasta ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba ne a cikin Dokar Amsawa ta Tafiya ta 1996
- Ayyukan Musamman na Yankin Yanki da na Ƙasar - Shirin Bayar da Abstinence (SPRANS-CBAE)
Dokar Amsawa ta 1996 ta sanya hannu a cikin dokar ta hanyar Shugaba Clinton. A wannan lokacin, majalisar dokoki masu mahimmanci sun sanya wani ƙaddamar da manufofin da aka tsara a cikin wannan tsarin "dole-pass". Wannan kyauta ba ta da hankali sosai. Da ake kira Dokar Amsawa ta Tsarin Ma'aikata ta Tarihi ta 1996 , ya ba da dala miliyan 50 kowace shekara (shekaru biyar) don jihohi don amfani da shirye-shirye na abstinence-only.
Har ila yau, dokar ta tilasta cewa, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, waɗannan shirye-shirye suna koyarwa:
- "Abinda ke da alaka da juna a cikin auren jinsi daya a cikin tsarin aure shine daidaitattun ka'idodin jima'i."
- "Abstinence daga aikin jima'i a waje da aure kamar yadda ya kamata a yi la'akari da dukan yara makaranta."
- "Ayyukan jima'i a waje da yanayin aure zai iya haifar da cututtukan zuciya da na jiki."
Cibiyar Harkokin Jima'i ta Pro-Abstinence-Only Sex Education Movement:
Gudanarwar Bush ya tura motsi ne kawai zuwa wani sabon mataki. Da zarar Shugaba George Bush ya dauki ofishin, ya kirkiro wani sabon shirin - Kyauta na Abstinence Education Community. A lokacin gudanarwar Bush, kudade don ilimin ilimi fiye da sau biyu, daga dala miliyan 80 a shekara ta 2001 zuwa dala miliyan 200 a 2007. Bush ya karfafa wadannan shirye-shiryen kodayake babu wata hujja da za ta yanke cewa ƙaddamarwa kawai ce kawai tana nuna "burin" don abin da ya kamata a koya a makarantu ko matsalolin rayuwa na rayuwa da 'yar Amurka ta "matsakaicin". A shekara ta 2006, yawan shekarun yarinya ya karu a cikin shekaru goma - ya karu da kashi 3%. Hawan zubar da ciki da haihuwa ya karu.
Lokacin da Shugaba Obama ya shiga ofishin, sai ya fara yanke takardun neman ku] a] en Vata na Vata daga fannin tarayya. A wannan lokacin, jihohin 25 sun riga sun fara yin watsi da wannan kudi - 16 saboda basu yarda da ilimin akida ba ko kuma basu ga duk wani sakamako mai kyau daga waɗannan shirye-shiryen abstinence-kawai.
Yaya Amurka ke Tattauna Ilimin Jima'i:
Bisa ga Cibiyar Guttmacher, yawancin jihohi sun karbi dokokin da ke kula da STD da kuma ilimin jima'i:
- 20 jihohi da Gundumar Columbia sun buƙaci a samar da ilimin jima'i da HIV / STD.
- 29 jihohi da kuma Hukumomin Jihar Columbia na cewa, idan aka ba da su, jima'i da HIV / STD makarantar ilimi sun dace da wasu bukatun jama'a.
- Jihohi 33 da Gundumar Columbia sun ba da umurni ga ilimin HIV / STD; daga cikin jihohin nan, 13 kawai ne kawai ilimin HIV / STD.
- A lokacin bayar da ilimin jima'i da / ko HIV / STD ilimi, jihohi 37 da District of Columbia sun nace cewa gundumomi a makaranta ko sanar da iyaye (22), suna buƙatar izinin iyaye (2), ko kuma yarda iyaye su cire 'ya'yansu daga umarni (35).
Bugu da ƙari, idan ana koyar da ilimin jima'i a makaranta:
- Jihohin 37 suna buƙatar bayanin bayyane (26 jihohi suna so ya jaddada cewa 11 jihohin kawai yana buƙatar an rufe shi).
- 18 jihohin da Gundumar Columbia suna buƙatar cewa ana koyar da bayanin kulawar haihuwa.
- 12 jihohi sun dage tattaunawa game da tsarin jima'i.
- Tattaunawar ilimin jima'i ya hada da bayanai game da basira don kauce wa matsalolin yin jima'i (jihohi 20 da DC); a kan yin shawarwari lafiya game da jima'i (jihohi 20); da kuma umarni game da yadda za a yi magana da 'yan uwa, musamman iyaye, game da jima'i (jihohi 11).
- Jihohi 18 sun bukaci wannan umarni ya haɗa da muhimmancin yin jima'i kawai a cikin aure.
- Jihohin 13 sun buƙaci hada bayanai game da mummunan sakamako na matashi da ciki.
- Lokacin da aka bayar da ilimin HIV / STD : jihohin 20 suna buƙatar bayani game da robar kwaroron roba ko maganin hana haihuwa, kuma jihohi 39 sun bukaci ace haɓaka.
Abin da Bincike ke Magana game da Ilimin Jima'i na Ilimin Jima'i da Ilimin Abstinence-Only Education:
Bincike ya nuna a fili cewa cikakken shirye-shiryen ilimin jima'i ne kadai ke nuna sakamakon. Yara da aka fallasa wannan jima'i ba tare da yin jima'i ba, yawanci suna da 'yan jima'i, kuma suna iya amfani da kulawar haihuwa idan suna da jima'i. A wani bangare kuma, bincike ya nuna maƙasudin rashin daidaito na ilimi. Babu wata shaidar da za ta nuna cewa waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun rage aikin jima'i na matasa; a gaskiya ma, matasa da aka fallasa kawai ga ilimin abstinence sun fi kuskure suna da kuskure game da kwaroron roba da kuma amfani da robaron roba ba tare da yin la'akari da matasan (wadanda ba su da ilimin jima'i - ko ma rashin haɓaka kawai) don yin jima'i, suna da lambar ɗaya na abokan tarayya, da kuma yin jima'i ba tare da tsare su ba.
Iyaye mata da matasa akan ilimin jima'i:
Yayin da Kwamitin Tsarin Gudanar da Ƙungiyar Yau da Yarda da Yin Yara, ya nuna cewa yawancin matasa (64%) sun nuna cewa sun buƙaci ƙarin bayani game da haifuwa ta hanyar BOT da abstinence. 76% na iyaye suna da sha'awar matasan su. Har ila yau, mafi yawan iyaye suna amfani da hankalinsu na musamman don hana yin jima'i da matashi. Yawancin iyayen Amirka sun fi son yin amfani da hankalin su; sun kuma yi imanin cewa ya kamata matasa su fahimci cewa jima'i ya kamata a hade da wani mahimmanci mai mahimmanci. Da aka ce, iyaye da yawa sun gane cewa wasu matasa za su zabi har yanzu suna yin jima'i (koda lokacin da aka damu). Saboda haka, iyaye da yawa sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata a ba matasa damar ba da labarin game da amfani da ƙuntatawa na maganin hana haihuwa da kuma koyar da su inda za su iya neman hidimar lafiya.
Sources:
Chris Collins, C., Alagiri, P., & Summers, T. (Maris 2002). "Abstinence kawai vs. cikakken ilimin jima'i ilimi". Jami'ar California, San Francisco. Samun shiga 2/22/2012.
Guttmacher Cibiyar. (Fabrairu 2012). "Dokokin Tsarin Mulki A BABI: Jima'i da HIV Education." Samun shiga 2/22/2012.
Guttmacher Cibiyar. (Janairu 2010). " Harkokin Yara da Yarar Yarar Yara, Haihuwa, da Abortions: Tattaunawa na kasa da jihohi na kasa da jiha ta kabilanci da kabila ." Samun shiga 2/22/2012.
Kirby, D. (2007). "Answers Answers 2007: Sakamakon Bincike akan Shirye-shiryen Rage Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙwarar Yara da kuma Cututtukan Lafiya." Washington, DC: Tsarin Gida na Kasa don Tsarin Yara da Raunin ciki.
Taron Kasa na Gida don Kare Yarinyar Yara. (2002). "Tare da muryar murya ta 2002: 'Yan matan Amurka da matasa suna jin sauti akan ciki." Washington, DC: Author.
Trenholm, C., Devaney, B., Fortson, K., Quay, L., Wheeler, J. & Clark, M. (Afrilu 2007). "Hanyoyi na hudu Title V, Sashe na 510 Shirye-shiryen Ilimin Abstinence: Labari na karshe." Princeton, NJ: Kimiyyar Harkokin Ilmin Lissafi. Samun dama ta hanyar biyan kuɗi 2/22/2012.