Babban Kuɗi don Yarda da Ciwon Kwayar Cutar Cancer
A cikin 'yan shekaru, an buɗe ƙofofi zuwa ɗakin ajiyar littattafai, kuma an bar rijistar ba tare da kulawa ba tare da mai sayarwa ba a gani. Ina kwatanta da alama game da hawan fasahar kiɗan layi na duniya wanda ya faru a fadin Millennium. Wannan fashewa a cikin fasikanci shine mafi yawan abin da Napster, wani ɗan ragamar takarda (P2P) ya ba shi damar miliyoyin miliyoyin su raba MP3s (fayilolin kiɗa na dijital) kyauta.
Halitta da watsa shirye-shirye na Napster ya zama wani rikice-rikice na masana'antun rikodi. Sean Parker da sauran wadanda suka kafa kamfanin raba fayiloli ba da daɗewa ba sun ji daɗin yin rikodin masana'antun saboda, kamar yadda dukanmu za mu iya godiya a yanzu, musayar haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka, ko fashi, yana sata. A cikin shekaru biyu, Napster ya rufe shi ta dandalin sada zumunta.
Kodayake fashi har yanzu babban matsala ne - BitTorrent wata hanya ce ta yardar labaran bayanai kamar waƙoƙi da fina-finai tare da wasu - Napster ya bambanta a sauƙin amfani. Napster kuma ya canza hanyar da muka dubi yadda zamu iya samun kida, kuma mutane da dama da suka yi amfani da kantin iTunes sun fara gabatar da ra'ayin sauke kiɗa ta hanyar Napster.
Napster na iya wucewa amma Sean Parker, ɗaya daga cikin masu halitta, yana da rai kuma yana da kyau. A cikin watan Afrilu 2016, Parker ya yi adadin labarai don yin watsi da kimanin dala miliyan 250 don bincike na rigakafi da za a raba su da cibiyoyin ciwon daji shida, ciki har da Stanford da Memorial Sloan Kettering.
Sean Parker: Tech Wunderkind da Top Philanthropist
Napster bai gaza ba; a gaskiya, wannan babbar nasara ce, kuma mutane da dama sun ce shi ne harkar kasuwancin da ake ci gaba. Duk da haka, mutane suna amfani da Napster don rashin amfani, abin da ya sa ya kamata a rufe shi.
Bayan mutuwar Napster kamar yadda muka san shi - alamar ta shiga ta hanyar da dama da dama kafin a yi masa hukunci a shekarar 2011 - Parker ya yi sha'awar kafofin yada labarai.
Ya kafa asusun watsa labarai na yanar gizo Plaxo, wani abin da ya sa aka yi watsi da shi. Daga bisani, a shekara ta 2004, a lokacin da yake da shekaru 24, Parker ya yi motsi wanda ya sa shi biliyoyin kuma ya canza duniya: Ya zama shugaban Facebook.
A matsayin shugaban Facebook, Parker ya dauki karamin farawa kuma ya gabatar da shi a duniya. Ya kawo masu zuba jari kuma ya taimaka wajen tsara shafin. Tabbas, Mark Zuckerberg ya zo tare da Facebook, amma Facebook shine abin da yake a yau saboda Parker.
Parker ya kasance mai tsaurin ra'ayi mai mahimmanci. A shekara ta 2013, ya kashe dala dala miliyan 10 a kan bikin aure akan dukiyar da ke cikin Big Sur. Sai ya biya Jihar California dala miliyan 2.5 domin gina gidaje, tsararru na ruguwa, ruwa da kuma gine-gine mai dadi da ke kusa da wata mafaka mai kyau don kare namun daji.
A shekara ta 2005 yayin shugaban Facebook, Parker ya dakatar da mallakin cocaine kuma daga bisani ya bar kamfanin. Mun gode wa kamfaninsa na Facebook tare da Facebook, Parker yana darajar dala biliyan 3.5.
A cikin shekaru bayan barin Facebook, Parker ya mayar da hankali sosai ga jin kai. A cikin watan Yuni na 2015, Parker ya ba da dala miliyan 600 ga Foundation Parker.
Bisa ga shafin yanar gizon Parker Foundation:
Ginin ya kafa kan goyon baya na taimakon Sean na tarihi kuma yana darajar aikinsa na farko a fannin fasaha, kafofin watsa labarai, ginin masana'antu, da kuma manufofin jama'a. An kafa shi a San Francisco, harsashin ya yi niyya don biyan hanyoyi masu yawa a sassa uku da suka shafi mayar da hankali: Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiya ta Duniya, da Ƙungiyoyin Siyasa.
A watan Afrilu 2016, Kamfanin Parker Foundation ya ba da dala miliyan 250 don kafa Cibiyar Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji ta Parker. (A bayyane yake, Parker yana son ya rubuta ayyukan jin daɗinsa bayan kansa.)
Menene Immunotherapy?
Girma a cikin jiki yana faruwa ne sakamakon sakamakon ƙaddamar da hanyoyi waɗanda ke watsa sakonni na asali da samfurori na halitta suka samar. Ta hanyar haɓaka ayyuka na waɗannan abubuwa, masu bincike sun iya yin yaki da ciwon daji.
Ma'aikata na halitta, kamar interleukins, interferons da wasu sauran cytokines , za'a iya samuwa a cikin lab. Bugu da ƙari kuma, za a iya samar da sinadarin roba, wanda yake nuna yadda ake samar da sigina na halitta, ana iya samar da su a cikin lab.
Irin wannan nau'in halitta da kuma roba za a iya gudanarwa ga rikici tare da ci gaban kwayoyin cutar ciwon daji ko kuma taimaka wa kwayoyin lafiya su hana ci gaban kwayoyin cutar ciwon daji. Yin amfani da jamiái wanda ke motsawa mai amsawa ba'a kira immunotherapy .
Brief History of Immunotherapy
Abinda ke ciki shine tushen immunotherapy - ta amfani da tsarin rigakafi don kawar da ciwon daji - ba kome ba ne. Mutane sunyi bayanin wannan ma'ana a cikin karni na 19. Bugu da ƙari tsakanin shekarun 1890 zuwa 1960, wasu masu bincike sunyi ƙoƙari su kamu da marasa lafiya marasa lafiya da ke amfani da kwayoyin cutar don magance ciwon daji; Sakamakon wadannan gwaje-gwajen an hade.
Ba har zuwa shekarun 1980 ba ne muka fara koyi game da tsarin ba da rigakafi. Musamman a cikin shekarun 1980, masu binciken sun gano nau'o'in halitta guda biyu waɗanda suka inganta fahimtarmu game da tsarin da ba a rigakafi ba: babbar mahimmancin tarihin tarihi (MHC) da kuma T-cell receptor (TCR). Wadannan binciken sunyi wahayi da kisa na gwajin gwaji a farkon lokaci. Duk da haka, ainihin gagarumin nasara a cikin inganci na immunotherapy bai faru ba har sai mun fahimci aikin T-cell da mawuyacin ƙwayar ma'adinan. Don Allah a tuna cewa tsarin rigakafi yana da rikitarwa kuma yana amfani da ikonsa don yaki da cutar, muna bukatar mu fahimci ayyukan da ya dace.
Ka'idodi guda uku da ke magance ciwon rigakafi da rigakafi
Akwai ka'idoji guda uku wadanda suke jagorancin yanayin ciwon rigakafi da jagorancin immunotherapies.
Sha'idar # 1: ba da kulawa ba. Tsaran ido ba tare da kulawa ba yana nufin tsarin da tsarin kwayoyin cutar ya yadu kuma ya kawar da kwayoyin halitta wanda aka canza kuma basu kasancewa al'ada ba (tunanin kwayoyin cututtuka).
Sha'idar # 2: ba ta gyara ba. Daidaitaccen gyare-gyaren yana nufin tsarin da tsarin tsarin rigakafi keyi don kawar da kwayoyin cututtuka. Wannan maye yana haifar da daidaituwa, wanda ƙwayoyin tumatir suke rayuwa amma an duba su. Wasu Kwayoyin tumatir, duk da haka, suna iya tserewa daga illar kwayoyin cuta saboda saboda rage rashin immunogenicity ko wani ƙarfin magance matsalar da ba ta dace ba. Wadannan sun tsere daga jikin sun zama marasa lafiya.
Sha'idar # 3: Rashin haƙuri. Tare da rashin haƙuri, ciwon daji wanda ya tsere daga sakamakon kwayar cutar ta amfani da tsarin tsarin jiki don kawar da lalacewar kuma don ci gaba da girma da rabawa.
Parker ya bayyana cewa ya yanke shawarar kashe jari mai yawa a binciken bincike na rigakafin rigakafi domin immunotherapy shine kawai magani wanda aka nuna zai iya haifar da gafarar da na dindindin. Duk da haka, binciken bincike na immunotherapy ya ragu sosai - karbar kashi 4 cikin 100 na Cibiyar Cancer na Cibiyar Kankara ta kusan kimanin dala biliyan 5 na shekara-shekara. Bugu da ƙari, Parker ya nuna cewa R & D a kamfanoni na kamfanoni sun fi sha'awar nazarin kudade da ke bincikar cutar shan magani ko kuma wadanda aka yi niyya don haka ya kara da bukatar bukatun don samar da bincike.
Sources:
Feng X, Lin X, Yu J, Nemunaitis J, Brunicardi F. Magungunan Jiya da Magunguna. A: Brunicardi F, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, Dunn DL, Hunter JG, Matthews JB, Pollock RE. eds. Ka'idodin Harkokin Tiyata na Schwartz, 10th . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014.
Goswami S, Allison JP, Sharma P. Immuno-Oncology. A: Kantarjian HM, Wolff RA. eds. Dokta MD Anderson na Ingantaccen Magunguna, 3e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2016.