Babu adadin jagoran jagora mai lafiya. Gubar guba yana iya haifar da jerin jerin cututtukan cututtuka, ciki har da anorexia, anemia , tremor, da kuma alamar cututtukan gastrointestinal. Ɗaukar tasirin yana da mummunar mummunan ga kwakwalwa mai tasowa, kuma a cikin yara zai iya haifar da ragowar ci gaba, jinkirta ci gaban, da jinkirin tunanin tunanin mutum.
Bugu da ƙari, ga mutane, yawancin tasirin kai yana da babban tasiri a kan tattalin arzikin.
Ana kiyasta cewa yawancin farashin da ake kashewa na Amurka ya kai dala biliyan 50 a kowace shekara. Bayani don jagoranci ba zai iya hanawa ba kuma mai amfani ne mai amfani. Domin kowane adadin da aka rage don rage tasirin kai a gida, an kiyasta cewa komawa ga jama'a yana tsakanin $ 17 da $ 220.
Bincike ya nuna cewa tasirin jagoranci a farkon rayuwa zai iya fadada cikin rayuwa mai zuwa. Yawancin bincike sun mayar da hankalinsu game da yadda jagora ke hade da ilimin rashin hankali; Duk da haka, muna kuma koyo game da yadda jagora ke haɗuwa da ɓarna da ɓarna. Musamman, "maganganun zubar da jini" yana nuna cewa jagorancin jagoranci yana haifar da aikata laifuka.
Bayani
A 1943, Byers da Ubangiji na farko ya ba da haske game da haɗin gwiwar jagorancin kai da tashin hankali da tashin hankali. Kafin wannan lokaci, an yi zaton cewa maganin da ya dace don nuna jagoranci ya haifar da mummunar tasiri.
Duk da haka, Byers sun damu da cewa jagoran tasirin zai iya haifar da mummunan hali bayan ya kai ga hankali cewa marasa lafiya biyu da ya bi don nunawa-marasa lafiya waɗanda suka dawo dasu-sunyi kai hare-hare ga malamansu a makaranta da kuma halartar wasu abubuwa masu rikitarwa.
A yayin nazarin jarrabawa, Mai Runduna da Ubangiji ya gano cewa yara 19 daga cikin 20 na '' sake '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' ''
Kodayake Byers da Ubangiji sun kama hanyar haɗin kai tsakanin halayyar da mummunar aiki a farkon lokaci, ba har zuwa shekarun 1980 ba masana masana kimiyya sun fara nazarin yadda yaduwar tasirin zai iya taka rawar gani a cikin mummunan tashin hankali, tashin hankali, ko kuma halayyar haɓaka.
Bincike
Bari mu dubi wasu binciken da ke tallafawa hanyar haɗi tsakanin aikata laifuka da matakan jagoranci. Ɗaya daga cikin maɓallin da ke gudana ta kusan dukkanin binciken da ke nazarin dangantakar shi ne cewa wadannan nazarin suna nazari ne a cikin yanayin. A wasu kalmomi, suna kallon da suka gabata don sanin dangantaka maimakon makomar (watau gwajin gwajin gwagwarmaya). Wannan bambanci yana da cikakkiyar fahimta saboda yana da rashin fahimta don nuna masu halartar bincike don jagoranci. Duk da haka, saboda waɗannan nazarin suna da tsinkaya, yana da wuya a kafa dangantaka ta hakika.
Duk da haka, ƙwarewar binciken bincike ta amfani da bayanai da ke wakiltar mutane, birane, ƙauyuka, jihohi, da kuma ƙasashe suna nuna yadda ake jagoranci jagorancin laifi. Wadannan binciken sun kasance ana yin rikici a kan matakan da yawa, wanda ke nuna rashin daidaituwa. Tare da irin wannan sakamako da yawa, yana da wahala a watsi da gaskiyar cewa jagora zai iya haifar da aikata laifuka.
A cikin shekara ta 2016 na Australia, Taylor da masu marubuta sunyi nazari akan laifuka masu aikata laifuka don cin zarafi da kuma zamba a matsayin aikin jagorancin iska a cikin iska daga tsakanin 15 zuwa 24 da suka wuce. Dalilin kwanakin da aka yi shi ne cewa masu binciken suna neman mutanen da suka aikata laifuka wanda aka bayyana su a lokacin jagorancin.
Masu bincike sun sami wata ƙungiya mai karfi a tsakanin magungunan farko da ke nunawa daga iska da kuma yawan laifuka. Da bayanin kula, Taylor da abokan aiki suna sarrafawa don abubuwan da zasu iya tsangwama tare da ƙungiyoyi, kamar yawan mutanen da suka kammala karatun sakandaren da samun kudin gida. An shawo kan laifuka da dalilai da yawa - makarantu, rashin kula da lafiyar jiki, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma nunawa ga sauran mawuyacin muhalli - kuma masu bincike sun gano cewa matakan jagorancin sune mahimmanci da aka danganta da laifin.
Kamar Amurka, Ostiraliya yana daya daga cikin manyan masu jagoranci a duniya.
Daga hangen nesa na tarihi, an samo gubar a fenti, man fetur, da kuma fitarwa daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da kuma ƙyatarwa. Daga tsakanin 1932 da 2002-shekarar da aka kai ga ƙarshe daga man fetur a Ostiraliya-watsi da man fetur da aka kai a kai ya wuce 240,000 tonni da kuma dwarfed watsi daga karafa da smelting. Daga bayanin kula, a {asar Amirka, an cire gubar a cikin motar gas a shekarar 1996.
A cewar Taylor da masu marubuta:
Dole ne a dauki matakai don ragewa ko kawar da wasu hanyoyin samar da gurbataccen tasirin gurbataccen wuri a duk inda ya yiwu. Hanyoyi daga waɗannan kafofin suna da yiwuwar ƙara yawan halayyar zamantakewar zamantakewa da kuma sanya matsalolin da ba dole ba. Wadannan kafofin sun hada da ayyukan da ake amfani da su a yanzu a cikin Australia da sauran wurare, kuma suna jagorantar man fetur (gasoline) a ƙasashe inda aka sayar da ita: Aljeriya, Iraq da Yemen. A cikin wadannan ƙasashe, wasu mutane miliyan 103 suna cikin hadari daga amfani da man fetur. Har ila yau, akwai manufofin manufofin ga al'ummomin da suka shafi tarihin tarihi ta hanyar shigar da tashar sararin samaniya a wurare masu yawa irin su gidaje, gonaki, wuraren wasanni da makarantu. Wadannan takaddun shaida suna kawo mummunar haɗari saboda rabin rabi na muhalli ya wuce shekaru 700.
Abu mai mahimmanci, bayanin da ya gabata ya nuna cewa ko da idan ya jagoranci idan an kawar da iskar gas, gubar har yanzu yana kan gidajen, wuraren wasanni, da makarantu, inda zai iya zama har tsawon daruruwan shekaru.
A cikin nazarin Amirka na shekarar 2016, Feigenbaum da Muller sun yi tambaya a kan tambayoyin da ya dace: Ko yin amfani da turan motsi a cikin ruwa na ruwa na jama'a ya danganta da karuwa a cikin matakan kisan kai. Wannan tambayar bincike ya dace ne saboda, a shekara ta 2015, an gano manyan matakan gubar a cikin ruwa mai suna Flint, Michigan, kuma wannan gubar ya fito ne daga lalata tashoshin man fetur a cikin ruwa yayin da birnin ya sauke ruwanta a cikin ma'auni na farashi 2014.
Don sanin ko matakan jagorancin sun hada da kisan kai, masu bincike sun yi nazarin kisan kai tsakanin 1921 zuwa 1936 a tsakanin mazauna birnin. Wadannan kudaden suna amfani da ƙwararrun mutanen da aka haifa a kan ruwa da aka ba su ta hanyar motsi. An saka magunguna a masse har zuwa karshen karni na sha tara. Masu binciken sun gano cewa yin amfani da man fetur na tashar jagorancin ya kai ga yawan karuwar yawan kisan kai. Bugu da ƙari, an sami raguwar kashi 24 cikin yawan kisan kai a garuruwan da ke amfani da man fetur.
"Idan jagora ya kara yawan laifuka," rubuta Feigenbaum da Muller, "to, maganin shine zuba jarurruka a jagorancin kai. Ko da yanda jagorancin gubar ba zai rage lalacewa ba, zai cire mummunar haɗari daga yanayin. Sauran hanyoyin da za a rage yawan laifuka bazai iya samun irin wannan tasiri ba. "
A cikin nazarin shekara ta 2017 kimanin yara 120,000 da aka haifa a tsakanin 1990 zuwa 2004 a Rhode Island, Aizer da Currie sun gwada haɗin kai tsakanin matakan jagoran makaranta da kuma dakatar da makaranta da kuma tsare yara. Kamar yadda masu bincike suka ce, "Ɗaukar haɓaka daya a cikin gubar ya karu da yiwuwar dakatar da makaranta daga kashi 6.4-9.3 cikin dari kuma yiwuwar tsare ta kashi 27-74, ko da yake wannan ya shafi kawai maza."
Masu binciken sun dubi yara da ke zaune a kusa da hanyoyi masu nisa kuma ana haife su a farkon shekarun 1990. Ƙasar da ke kusa da hanyoyi masu aiki sun gurɓata ta hanyar jagorancin jagora zuwa amfani da man fetur mai jagoranci a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, kuma waɗannan yara suna da matakai na makarantar sakandare mafi girma. Masu bincike sun kwatanta wadannan yara da yara da suka rayu a wasu hanyoyi da yara da suke rayuwa a cikin hanyoyi guda biyu amma bayan shekaru bayan lokacin da matakan muhalli ya fadi.
Bisa ga binciken da suka samu, Aizer da Currie sun bayar da shawarar cewa sauyawa daga jagorancin zuwa ga man fetur ba tare da amfani ba sun taka rawar gani a rage yawan laifin da aka gani a shekarun 1990 da 2000.
A ƙarshe, a cikin nazarin shekara ta 2004, Stretesky da Lynch sun binciki ƙungiyar tsakanin matakan jagorancin iska da aikata laifuka a kananan hukumomi 2772 a Amurka. Bayan da yake kulawa da abubuwan da suka rikicewa, masu bincike sun gano cewa matakan jagoranci sunyi tasiri a kan dukiya da aikata laifuka masu laifi. Abin mahimmanci, masu binciken sun kuma lura cewa mafi yawan yankunan da ba su da amfani, ko kuma mafi talauci, ƙananan hukumomi sun sha wahala mafi yawan laifuka kamar yadda tasirin tasirin ya haifar.
"Idan wannan zato ya zama daidai," in ji Stretesky da Lynch, "yadda ya kamata a nuna mahimmancin jagoranci, rigakafin, da kuma maganin kulawa ya kamata ya sami mafi girma a cikin ƙananan yankunan."
Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga masu bincike:
Bayani don jagoranci yana da nau'i biyu da tseren tseren da ke aiki a matakin zamantakewa. Ƙananan yankuna da ƙananan al'ummomi sun fi dacewa da sauran kudin shiga ko kungiyoyin kabilu don sun inganta halayen tasiri. Kodayake tsere da kuma jinsi sun hada da nauyin shafukan jagoranci ba su da kansa don bayyana bambanci a matakin laifuka da aka samo a cikin tsere da kuma jinsin ɗalibai, waɗannan siffofin da ke nunawa daidai ne da binciken binciken sinadarai kuma zasu iya bayyana waɗannan bambance-bambance. Karin bayani game da wannan batu yana buƙatar bayyana wannan dangantaka.
Kayan aiki
Ba mu san yadda yaduwar tasirin da ke iya haifar da aikata laifuka ba. Duk da haka, masu bincike suna da ra'ayinsu.
Na farko, jagorancin jagorancin zai iya haifar da rage tsinkayar motsa jiki da kuma tasirin tasiri. Mutanen da suka fi damuwa da kuma mummunan kisa za su iya ci gaba da yin laifi.
Na biyu, ƙarar matakan jagoran jini a lokacin yarinya an haɗa su da rage girman ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a lokacin girma Ana ganin waɗannan alamun a cikin ɓangaren kwakwalwa na baya da na baya wanda ke kula da aikin gudanarwa, yanayi, da yanke shawara. Wadannan tasiri akan tsarin kwakwalwa da aiki na kwakwalwa zai iya yadawa kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikata laifuka.
Abu na uku, "maganganun da ke tattare da maganganu" yana nuna cewa jagorancin tasiri ya tasiri tare da neurotransmitter da hormones a hanyar da ke taimakawa wajen aikata mummunan hali da tashin hankali.
A bayanin ƙarshe, ana buƙatar nazari kafin ya bayyana jagorancin laifi. Duk da haka, masu ilimin zamantakewa, masana kimiyya, da masu tsara manufofin siyasa zasu iya amfani da waɗannan karatun don kara fahimtar dangantakar dake tsakanin aikata laifi da jagoranci.
> Sources:
> Feigenbaum, JJ, Muller, C. Matsayin Farko da Zalunci a cikin Farko na Farko.
> Karni. Binciken a Tarihin Tattalin Arziki. 2016; 62: 51-86.
> Ƙananan ƙarfe. A cikin: Trevor AJ, Katzung BG, Kruidering-Hall M. eds. Katzung & Trevor ta Pharmacology: Nazarin & Board Review, 11th New York, NY.
> Marcus, DK, Fulton, JJ, Clarke, EJ. Matsalar jagoranci da gudanarwa: Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 2010; 39: 234-241.
> Stretesky, PB, Lynch, MJ. Harkokin Saduwa tsakanin Tsakanin Kai da Laifi. Labarai na Lafiya da Social Social. 2004; 45: 214-229.
> Taylor, MP, et al. Harkokin Saduwa tsakanin Tsakanin Tsakanin Tsakanin Tsarin Harkokin Tsarin Harkokin Watsa Labarun Harkokin Tsarin Harkokin Tsarin Harkokin Watsa Lafiya. Lafiya ta muhalli. 2016; 15:23.