Akalla kashi 83 cikin 100 na autism da ke haifar da kwayoyin halitta
Masu bincike sunyi imani da cewa kwayoyin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin autism, amma mutane da yawa sun yarda cewa karuwa mai girma a cikin autism bincikar cutar ta haifar da matsalolin muhalli. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa kwayoyin halitta na iya zama alhakin kashi 90 cikin 100 na lokuta na autism, tare da yanayin muhalli yana taka muhimmiyar rawa.
Menene Masu binciken Masism suka Ma'anar Da 'Genetics'?
A cewar Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya: "Harshen halitta shine ainihin nauyin jiki da aiki na farfadowa .
Halitta, wadanda suke da kwayar DNA, suna aiki kamar umarni don yin kwayoyin da aka kira sunadarai. A cikin mutane, kwayoyin halitta sun bambanta da yawa daga wasu ƙananan jigilar DNA zuwa fiye da milyan biyu. Tsarin Tsarin Dan Adam ya kiyasta cewa mutane suna da tsakanin kwayoyin 20,000 da 25,000. "Halittar kwayoyin halitta kusan kusan mutum ne da mutum. A hakikanin gaskiya, kimanin kashi 1 cikin dari na DNA ya bayyana yadda mutum ya bambanta da wani.
Manzannin suna da tasirin gaske akan halin mu na jiki da tunanin mutum. Amma yayin da kwayoyin suka gaji daga iyayenmu, ba dukkanin bambance-bambance bambanci ba ne. Wannan shi ne saboda canzawar kwayoyin (wanda ake kira maye gurbi) na iya faruwa a cikin mutum guda, ba tare da wani abin da zai yi tare da gado ba. Hanyoyi na iya faruwa a hankali (ba tare da wata sanarwa ba) ko kuma sakamakon sakamako na muhalli.
Lokacin da masu bincike na autism suka dubi kwayoyin halitta, suna iya bincika daya daga cikin tambayoyin daban-daban. Tsakanin su:
- Yaya mataki ne autism mallakar daga iyaye?
- To wane mataki ne autism ya haifar da canje-canje maras kyau a cikin kwayoyin da ba a gada ba?
- Wadanne nau'in kwayoyin ko jinsin kwayoyin halitta sun ƙayyade ko mutum yana da autistic?
- Waɗanne canje-canje ga kowane jinsin zai nuna autism?
- Ta yaya autism ya shafi cututtukan kwayoyin halitta irin su cutar Fragile X?
- Shin kwayoyin daban-daban suna da alhakin daban-daban na autism?
- Akwai tasirin muhalli da ke haifar da canjin kwayoyin da ke haifar da autism?
Menene Muke Sanata game da Autism da Genetics?
Tare da ƙananan kaɗan, masu bincike sun kasa amsa tambayoyi game da autism da jinsin da wani tabbaci. Ba mu sani ba, alal misali, yadda haɗuwa da canjin yanayi zai iya haifar da autism. Ba mu san ko bambancin jinsin bambanci ba zai haifar da matsanancin aiki ko rashin aiki autism. Ba mu san ko yana yiwuwa a canza yiwuwar samun autism ba. Ba mu san ko maganin kwayoyin zai iya tasiri sosai ga mutanen da ke da autism ba.
A nan, duk da haka, wasu daga cikin abin da muka sani , bisa ga NIH:
- ASD yana da hali don gudu a cikin iyalai, amma yawancin gado shine yawanci ba a sani ba. Mutane tare da canzawar canje-canje tare da ASD suna samun gadon samun haɓaka mai yawa na bunkasa yanayin, maimakon yanayin kanta.
- Canje-canje a kan 1,000 kwayoyin cutar an ruwaito cewa za a hade tare da ASD, amma yawancin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ba a tabbatar ba. Yawancin bambancin jinsin suna da ƙananan sakamako, kuma bambancin da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta zai iya haɗuwa tare da abubuwan haɗarin muhalli, irin su tsofaffi, shekarun haihuwa, da sauransu waɗanda ba'a gano su ba, don ƙayyade ƙimar mutum don bunkasa wannan yanayin mai rikitarwa.
- A cikin kimanin kashi 2 zuwa 4 na mutanen da ke tare da ASD, maye gurbin maye gurbi ko ƙananan mahaukaci suna zaton dalilin shine yanayin, sau da yawa a matsayin ɓangaren rashin ciwo wanda ya hada da wasu alamu da alamomin da ke shafi sassa daban-daban na jiki.
- Bisa ga binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, yawancin nau'in kwayoyi 2500 zasu iya hade da autism. An samo wannan adadi mai yawa ta hanyar sabon fasaha kuma yana nufin cewa karatun autism ya zama ƙari.
Genetics da muhalli
Babu tabbacin cewa abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli suna hulɗa da kwayoyin halitta don haifar da nau'in autism. Amma binciken na baya-bayan nan ya bayyana a fili cewa abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli sune, a cikin mahimmanci, duka da mawuyacin hali.
A cewar Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya ta Mahalli, wasu halaye na muhalli na iya kara haɗarin autism , amma ba a san su da gaske ba. Sun hada da:
- Babbar iyaye na tsofaffi a lokacin da aka tsara
- Hanyoyin kwalliya a cikin iska
- Kiba cikin uwa ko ciwon sukari
- Girman farfado da matsanancin nauyin haihuwa
- Duk wani haihuwar haihuwar da ke haifar da lokuta na rashin kwakwalwa a cikin kwakwalwa
- Kwace-furewa a kan wasu kwayoyin magungunan kashe qwari
- Gwaran ɗaukar hoto zuwa Valproate ko Thalidomide
- Rashin cin abinci mai cin nama
Ta yaya wasu daga cikin wadannan fannonin zasu iya tasirin kwayoyin halitta? Amsoshin ba a sani ba tukuna, ko da yake bincike yana gudana. Mun san cewa babu wani daga cikin wadannan shafuka shine "girke-girke" domin autism; Yaran da yawa sun haife su ne daga tsofaffi ko tsofaffi, ko kuma a wuraren da aka gurɓata ba su da tsauri. Wannan yana nuna cewa wasu yara da suke cikin hadarin kwayoyin cutar ta autism sun haifar da rashin lafiya bayan bayyanar yanayin muhalli.
Mene Ne Mafi Mahimmanci: Tsarin Kwayoyi ko Muhalli?
Binciken 2017 da aka bincika game da ko gadon jinsin halitta ko kuma yanayi sune mahimmancin motsi na autism. Abin mamaki, shaidu suna nuna jinsin halitta. A gaskiya, bisa ga binciken daya:
Nazarin bincike sun gano cewa rashin lafiyar mahaifa (ASD) ya haɗu a cikin iyalai, kuma binciken jinsin ya kiyasta yawancin bambancin phenotype saboda abubuwan kwayoyin (heritability) don zama kimanin kashi 90.
A cikin binciken da aka rigaya, ana kiyasta cewa ana iya yin amfani da ASD a matsayin 0.50, kuma ya keɓaɓɓun tasirin muhalli don zama 0.04. Don ƙayyade kasancewa ko rashin ASD, binciken ya yi amfani da bayanan da aka tsara don la'akari da abubuwan da suka faru a lokaci-da-ciki a cikin bayanan, wanda zai iya rage yawan kimantawa ta ainihin.
Wani binciken da ya sake jaddada rukuni na yara a Sweden daga 1982 zuwa 2006 ciki har da tagwaye, 'yan uwan juna, da' yan uwa biyu sun gano cewa "tasirin 'autism' ya zama kusan kashi 83, yayin da aka kiyasta tasirin muhalli ba tare da raba kashi 17 cikin dari ba . "
A wasu kalmomin, idan waɗannan karatun sune daidai, yawancin autism an gaji. Wannan binciken yana da muhimmiyar tasiri ga iyalai da mutane masu yawa da ke da hankulansu kuma yana iya zama mahimmanci a gano hanyoyin kwantar da hankalin da zai iya hana ko kuma kula da autism.
Kalma Daga
Menene bincike yake nufi ga iyaye? Duk da yake ba ta samar da bayanai mai yawa ba, yana nuna cewa abubuwa masu muhalli suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin autism. Wannan yana nufin iyaye ba su damu ba cewa zafin zabi na rayuwa ko al'amuran da ke da alhakin ƙwayar ɗan yaron. Kuma wannan yana nufin iyaye za su iya zama kyauta kyauta don mayar da hankali, ba a kan abin da suka faru a lokacin ba, amma a kan gaba.
> Sources:
> Brooks, Megan. Bayanan kwayoyin lissafi ga yawancin yawancin autism. Medscape. Satumba 27, 2017. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/886250
> Krishnan, A. et al, Hasashen Gida da Tsarin Halitta da Tsarin Halittar Halittar Kwayoyin Halitta. Yanayin Neuroscience , 2016; DOI: 10.1038 / nn.4353 Cibiyar Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar Mahalli. Autism. Yanar gizo, 2017. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/conditions/autism/index.cfm
> Sandin S, Lichtenstein P, Kuja-Halkola R, Hultman C, Larsson H, Reichenberg A. Matsayinta na rashin lafiyar autism. JAMA. 2017; 318 (12): 1182-1184. Doi: 10.1001 / jama.2017.12141
> Sanarwar Kimiyya. Kwayoyin Autism sun gano amfani da sabon tsarin. Agusta 1, 2016. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160801113827.htm
> Makarantar Magunguna ta {asar Amirka. Autism. Yanar gizo, 2017. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/autism-spectrum-disorder#diagnosis
> Zayed, A. Tabbatar da cewa: Girmanci shine Babban Dalilin Autism. Amfani da Digest Lafiya. Yanar gizo. 2017. https://www.consumerhealthdigest.com/health-news/genetics-increase-autism-risk.html