Tarihin Wannan Harkokin Sututtuka
Maganar motsa jiki ne ta bayyana yadda za a iya canza yanayin mutum, tunani, ko halayyar mutum. Mafi shahararrun (ko mummunan) hanya shine frontal lobotomy. An san shi a shekarar 1935, haɗarin haɗari ya haɗu da haɗuwa da haɗakar haɗuwa tsakanin matakan da ke gaba da sauran kwakwalwa.
Masu amfani da kwayoyin halitta sun kasance wani ɓangare na wani sabon maganin cututtuka na cututtuka a cikin farkon karni na 20, ciki har da farfadowa na electroconvulsive (tsoratar daji).
Duk da yake maganin ya kasance mai tsanani, an san shi da yawa fiye da sauran hanyoyin kwantar da hankalin a lokacin. Yunkurin da ake ciki shine hanya mai mahimmanci na shekaru ashirin kafin ya zama mai kawo rigima. Kodayake yana da wuya a yanzu, akwai wasu lokuta da ake amfani da wasu nau'o'in ƙwaƙwalwa a yau.
Mahaliccin tarin
Koyon Nobel a shekarar 1949 a Physiology ko Medicine ya tafi likitan ne Antonio Egas Moniz na kasar Portugal domin tsarin cin zarafi. Duk da yake wasu kafin Dr. Moniz ya yi ƙoƙari na irin wannan hanya mai wuyar gaske, nasarar da aka ƙayyade ba shi da iyakancewa daga cikin likita.
Yadda Yake aiki
Ka'idar kimiyya a bayan lobotomies, kamar yadda Dr. Moniz ya bayyana, ya yarda da neuroscience a yau. Dalilin shi ne cewa akwai tsararren tsari wadda kwayoyin jijiyoyin suka samo a cikin kwakwalwar wasu mutane, kuma wannan hanya ne wanda ya haifar da bayyanar cututtuka.
Wannan mayar da hankali kan hanyoyin da ke tattare da hanyoyi da haɗin kai, maimakon a ɗaya daga cikin kwakwalwa, ya kasance mai dacewa da neuroscience na 21st century.
Ba a bayyana dalilin da yasa Dr. Moniz ya mayar da hankalinsa a kan lobes ba, amma akwai wasu shaidu a lokacin da za'a iya gurɓata lobes na banbanci ba tare da wata kasa ba, kuma wasu mutane sun nuna irin wannan hanyar da aka yi a birai, .
A cikin karni da suka wuce, kimiyya ta kara nuna cewa frontal lobes suna da matsayi a cikin yanayin tunani da hali.
Hanyar farko, wanda aka fi sani da leucotomy, ya haɗa da allurar barasa a cikin ɓangaren lobes na gaba don halakar da nama bayan hawan rami ta hanyar kwanyar. Wani ɓangare na hanya ya biyo baya ya yanke sakon kwakwalwa tare da makullin waya. A cikin binciken farko na wannan hanya, marasa lafiya 20 da masu bincikar cututtuka kamar yadda suke ciki, ciwon zuciya, rashin tsoro, rashin tausayi , da kuma catatonia sun kasance suna ƙarƙashin ciwon ciki. Rahoton farko na hanya sune kyau: kimanin kashi 70 cikin 100 na marasa lafiya da aka magance su tare da ciwon haɓaka. Babu mutuwar.
Lobotomies farawa a Amurka
A Amurka, gabanin lobotomies sun karu a shahararrun saboda kokarin mai binciken Walter Freeman da neurosurgeon James Watts. A farkon shekarar 1936, Freeman da Watts suka yi aiki a farko a cikin wani dakin aiki, amma Dr. Freeman ya yi tunanin cewa wannan zai rage damar yin amfani da hanyoyin ga wadanda ke cikin ɗakunan kulawa da hankali wanda zasu iya amfana daga a lobotomy. Ya yi la'akari da sababbin hanyoyin da likitoci zasu iya yi a cikin waɗannan cibiyoyin ba tare da dakin aiki ba.
Ba da daɗewa ba, Dokta Watts ya daina aiki tare da Dr. Freeman daga rashin amincewa a kan sauƙaƙawar hanya.
Maganin "transorbital", wanda Dr. Freeman ya tsara, ya hada da dauke da fatar ido na sama da kuma nuna wani kayan aiki na bakin ciki wanda ake kira leucotome a saman goshin ido. An yi amfani da mallet don fitar da kayan ta cikin kashi, da santimita biyar cikin kwakwalwa. A cikin ainihin magungunan ciwon daji, an yi amfani da kayan aiki a gefe zuwa gefen kullun, komawa zuwa matsayi na tsaka, kuma ya sake turawa biyu a gaba, inda aka sake komawa domin ya kara da kwakwalwa.
An sake maimaita hanyar a gefe ɗaya na kai.
Hanyoyin da ba'a so ba kuma ba'a tsammani ba
Fiye da 40,000 lobotomies aka yi a Amurka. Sharuɗɗan da aka ƙaddara sun haɗa da juyayi, matsalolin damuwar, da schizophrenia. Bayanan kimiyya a lokacin suna nuna cewa hanya ba ta da lafiya, tare da ƙananan kudaden mutuwa. Amma akwai yawan cututtuka marasa cututtuka, ciki har da rashin tausayi da kuma mummunan hali.
Dokar Magungunan Cutar
Har ma a cikin shekarun 1940, masu amfani da lobotomies na gaba sun kasance cikin batun rikici. Don nuna bambancin mutuntakar mutum ya yi tunanin mutane da yawa don ƙetare iyakokin aikin likita da rashin kula da mutuntaka da kuma mutum-mutumin. A 1950, Soviet Union ta hana aikin, suna cewa yana "saba wa ka'idodin 'yan Adam."
A Amurka, ana amfani da lobotomies a cikin manyan littattafan wallafe-wallafe, ciki har da Tennessee Williams ta Nan da nan, Ƙarshen Ƙarshe da Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest . Hanyar ƙarar ta kasance ta zama kyan gani a matsayin wani nau'in cututtuka na lalata da kuma cinyewar hubris na kiwon lafiya. A shekara ta 1977, kwamiti na musamman na Majalisar Dattijai na Amurka ya bincika ko dai a kan yin amfani da kwayar cutar kamar yadda ake amfani da ciwon ciki don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Tsayawa akan shi shine cewa yin amfani da hankali a hankali zai iya samun sakamako mai kyau, amma a cikin yanayi mai iyaka. A wannan batu, wannan tambaya ta fi mayar da hankali ne, kamar yadda aka maye gurbin hanyar da likitoci suka samu.
Layin Ƙasa
Tarihin mummunar tarihin mai amfani da ita yana tunawa da likitoci na zamani da kuma marasa lafiya na ka'idoji na al'adu waɗanda ke da magungunan maganin, musamman ma'anar kwayoyin halitta. Ga mafi yawancin, mutanen da suka yi amfani da lobotomies zasu iya tabbatar da ayyukansu kamar kasancewa cikin mafi kyawun mai haƙuri. Sakamakon kirki wanda ya dace a yau, yana iya nuna rashin kuskure da rashin kuskure. Wanne daga ayyukan likita na yau za mu sake dubawa a baya ?